(description of a family, differences between the live of the old and young, relationship with parents and grandparents, social changes)
1) Members of my nuclear family
• (name, age, job, what is he/she like, what does he/she look like, favourite sports, clothes etc.)
• me
• father
• mother
2) Relatives
• brother, sister-in-law, niece
• grandfather, grandmother
• uncle, aunt [a:nt], cousins
3) My biography [bajougrafy]
• age
• basic school
• accepted at grammar school
• applied to which universities
• interested in what
• my dream family...
4) House and housework
• family house / flat, with / without garden, with / without domestic animals
• sometimes have to help – cutting grass, cleaning the house, vacuum my room
• weekend house, for recreation
• brother’s / sister’s family
5) Differences in living
• CZ: generations live together, old help young (finance, children)
• GB: members of old generation are moving to isolated farms, have small retired pays; independent children
• USA: since university children get money, must economically work with them; social benefit rent from state
• social changes: aging of population, too many pensioners, economical problems
School System
School System in the Czech Republic, Great Britain and The USA
(school attendance, favourite subjects, importance of education, British and American systems of education, future plans)
1) About schools
• in CR compulsory attendance from the age of 6 to 15
• school year divided into two terms (September – January, February – June)
• start at 8, lesson 45 minutes long, break 10 or 20 minutes long
• marks from 1 to 5, school report for each term
2) Grades of education
• pre-school education
o créches, 1 – 3 years
o kindergartens, 3 – 6 years
• primary education, compulsory
o 1st degree, 1st to 5th class, four R’s – reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing
o 2nd degree, 6th to 9th class, Czech grammar and literature, English or German, history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, PE, music education, drawing
o special classes on 2nd degree – mathematical, sporting
• secondary education
o grammar schools general education for university studying
o secondary special schools secondary technical school of civil engineering, of machinery secondary schools for health workers, of agriculture academies of commerce
o apprentice training centres training for practical jobs
• tertiary education
o universities and colleges, lasts 4 to 6 years
o Charles University in Prague, Masaryk University in Brno, Technical University of Brno
o can study economists, foreign trade, architecture, law, journalism, the humanities, foreign languages, medicine, science, music, art, drama, engineering, computer science, ...
o three degrees (medicine in sum 6 years) bachelor’s degree (3 years)master’s degree (2 years) doctoral degree (individual)
3) Education in GB
• primary from 5th to 10th year
• secondary begins at the age of 11
• “sixth form”, GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education)
• universities (student must have >2 good grades at A-level of GCSE), e. g. Oxford, Cambridge
4) Education in the USA
• elementary schools from 6th to 12th year
• Junior High School (from 12 to 15), Senior High School (from 15 to 18)
• over 2000 universities and colleges, e. g. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Caltech
5) Attended schools and my plans
• basic school
• accepted at grammar school
• would like to pass graduation exams at grammar school
• would like to study which university, for master’s degree
(school attendance, favourite subjects, importance of education, British and American systems of education, future plans)
1) About schools
• in CR compulsory attendance from the age of 6 to 15
• school year divided into two terms (September – January, February – June)
• start at 8, lesson 45 minutes long, break 10 or 20 minutes long
• marks from 1 to 5, school report for each term
2) Grades of education
• pre-school education
o créches, 1 – 3 years
o kindergartens, 3 – 6 years
• primary education, compulsory
o 1st degree, 1st to 5th class, four R’s – reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing
o 2nd degree, 6th to 9th class, Czech grammar and literature, English or German, history, geography, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, PE, music education, drawing
o special classes on 2nd degree – mathematical, sporting
• secondary education
o grammar schools general education for university studying
o secondary special schools secondary technical school of civil engineering, of machinery secondary schools for health workers, of agriculture academies of commerce
o apprentice training centres training for practical jobs
• tertiary education
o universities and colleges, lasts 4 to 6 years
o Charles University in Prague, Masaryk University in Brno, Technical University of Brno
o can study economists, foreign trade, architecture, law, journalism, the humanities, foreign languages, medicine, science, music, art, drama, engineering, computer science, ...
o three degrees (medicine in sum 6 years) bachelor’s degree (3 years)master’s degree (2 years) doctoral degree (individual)
3) Education in GB
• primary from 5th to 10th year
• secondary begins at the age of 11
• “sixth form”, GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education)
• universities (student must have >2 good grades at A-level of GCSE), e. g. Oxford, Cambridge
4) Education in the USA
• elementary schools from 6th to 12th year
• Junior High School (from 12 to 15), Senior High School (from 15 to 18)
• over 2000 universities and colleges, e. g. Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Caltech
5) Attended schools and my plans
• basic school
• accepted at grammar school
• would like to pass graduation exams at grammar school
• would like to study which university, for master’s degree
Flat and its Furniture
(description of a flat and a house, other types of dwelling, living in the city, living in the country, ideal home)
1) My house
• in which city
• floors, cellar, attic, how many rooms in each floor, bathroom and toilet
• living room: TV, satellite receiver, old computer, big seat with two armchairs
• kitchen: cupboard, stove with oven, fridge, microwave oven, sink, table with chairs
• bedroom: parent’s beds, wardrobes
• garage, garden
2) My room
• happy / unhappy with my room
• bed
• few wardrobes
• bookcases (school books, literature)
• writing desk (used for school and other hand-writing)
• table with computer (case, ink printer, keyboard and mouse in a tray, monitor, sound system with subwoofer, external modem, phone)
• small TV, MP3 discman
• going to leave for some city to college or private flat
3) Differences between city and village
• positives and negatives to both living in a village and in a city
• disadvantages of village: lack of shopping options, facilities for sports, cultural activities (nothing of this too important for me), have to ride the bus to school and work every day (very big problem)
• advantages of village: quiet healthy environment, possibility to grow your own vegetables and fruit, having pets, raising farm animals; meeting places: church and pub; pig feast
• disadvantages of city: hectic atmosphere created by stress, traffic, noise; polluted air
• advantages of city: job opportunities, housing options, wide variety of cultural and sport activities, number of shops, high quality medical facilities
4) English housing
• typically detached or terraced, owned
• built of red bricks, English grass in the front of the house, plants
• two-floored houses with two garages
• pets; fireplace (krb)
• costs about £100,000
• USA: skyscrapers
1) My house
• in which city
• floors, cellar, attic, how many rooms in each floor, bathroom and toilet
• living room: TV, satellite receiver, old computer, big seat with two armchairs
• kitchen: cupboard, stove with oven, fridge, microwave oven, sink, table with chairs
• bedroom: parent’s beds, wardrobes
• garage, garden
2) My room
• happy / unhappy with my room
• bed
• few wardrobes
• bookcases (school books, literature)
• writing desk (used for school and other hand-writing)
• table with computer (case, ink printer, keyboard and mouse in a tray, monitor, sound system with subwoofer, external modem, phone)
• small TV, MP3 discman
• going to leave for some city to college or private flat
3) Differences between city and village
• positives and negatives to both living in a village and in a city
• disadvantages of village: lack of shopping options, facilities for sports, cultural activities (nothing of this too important for me), have to ride the bus to school and work every day (very big problem)
• advantages of village: quiet healthy environment, possibility to grow your own vegetables and fruit, having pets, raising farm animals; meeting places: church and pub; pig feast
• disadvantages of city: hectic atmosphere created by stress, traffic, noise; polluted air
• advantages of city: job opportunities, housing options, wide variety of cultural and sport activities, number of shops, high quality medical facilities
4) English housing
• typically detached or terraced, owned
• built of red bricks, English grass in the front of the house, plants
• two-floored houses with two garages
• pets; fireplace (krb)
• costs about £100,000
• USA: skyscrapers
Food and Meals, Restaurants
(favourite foods and drinks, eating habits in England and in the USA, healthy diet, junk food)
1) Breakfast
• drink – tea with milk or lemon, cocoa [koukou], warm or hot milk, black coffee
• eat – bread or rolls with butter and cheese or eggs, ham, salami, jam etc.; something sweet (cakes, doughnuts, gingerbread); cereals (cornflakes, muesli), yoghurt, chocolate
• usually between 6 and 7 o’clock
• British breakfast: bigger, glass of a fruit juice, cornflakes with sugar and milk, tea, piece of toast with butter and marmalade or honey
• on Sunday: big cooked breakfast, “brunch”, breakfast and lunch together, some meat, ham, boiled or scrambled eggs, bacon, sausage, tomato, fried bread, salami etc.
• my breakfast
2) Lunch
• vegetable soups: potato, tomato, pea, carrot, mushrooms
• meat teas: beef tea, chicken or goulash soup
• fruit soups: strawberry soup
• main dish: sweet (dumplings, doughnuts), meat, fish or poultry with vegetables (potatoes, chips, rice, Czech dumplings, bread, spaghetti etc.), sauce
• meat: beef (hovězí), pork (vepřové), veal (telecí), mutton (skopové), lamb (jehněčí); preparing: roasting, grilling, boiling, baking, stewing, smoking
• poultry: chicken, hen, duck, turkey, goose; in Czech also rabbits, carps
• spices: garlic, marjoram, pepper, allspice, ketchup
• drinks: tea, lemonade, juice, cola, mineral water, syrup with water, beer, black coffee
• deserts: cake, pudding, ice cream
• British lunch: cold, just ham and cheese sandwiches, fruit, pudding, ice cream
• my lunch
3) Supper
• warm or cold, warm like lunch
• cold: bread or rolls and spread
• readymade dish from a tin or have a soup
• Britain supper: dinner, main meal, between 6 and 7 o’clock, soup, fried fish and chips, sometimes meat and vegetables; meat puddings and apple pies
• my supper
4) Other daily meals
• British tea at five: biscuits or cakes, several cups of strong tea with milk
• fast food: typical feature of British and American lifestyles, McDonald’s fast food restaurant
• snacks (forenoon, afternoon)
• light supper at night: piece of cold meat or ham, cheese, some biscuits or just a glass of milk
• restaurant: on special occasions, celebrations
• typical food in Great Britain: fish and chips, lamb meat, tea
• typical food in the USA: hamburgers, fast food, coca-cola
• typical food in Czech Republic (national cuisine): roasted pork with sauerkraut and Czech dumplings
1) Breakfast
• drink – tea with milk or lemon, cocoa [koukou], warm or hot milk, black coffee
• eat – bread or rolls with butter and cheese or eggs, ham, salami, jam etc.; something sweet (cakes, doughnuts, gingerbread); cereals (cornflakes, muesli), yoghurt, chocolate
• usually between 6 and 7 o’clock
• British breakfast: bigger, glass of a fruit juice, cornflakes with sugar and milk, tea, piece of toast with butter and marmalade or honey
• on Sunday: big cooked breakfast, “brunch”, breakfast and lunch together, some meat, ham, boiled or scrambled eggs, bacon, sausage, tomato, fried bread, salami etc.
• my breakfast
2) Lunch
• vegetable soups: potato, tomato, pea, carrot, mushrooms
• meat teas: beef tea, chicken or goulash soup
• fruit soups: strawberry soup
• main dish: sweet (dumplings, doughnuts), meat, fish or poultry with vegetables (potatoes, chips, rice, Czech dumplings, bread, spaghetti etc.), sauce
• meat: beef (hovězí), pork (vepřové), veal (telecí), mutton (skopové), lamb (jehněčí); preparing: roasting, grilling, boiling, baking, stewing, smoking
• poultry: chicken, hen, duck, turkey, goose; in Czech also rabbits, carps
• spices: garlic, marjoram, pepper, allspice, ketchup
• drinks: tea, lemonade, juice, cola, mineral water, syrup with water, beer, black coffee
• deserts: cake, pudding, ice cream
• British lunch: cold, just ham and cheese sandwiches, fruit, pudding, ice cream
• my lunch
3) Supper
• warm or cold, warm like lunch
• cold: bread or rolls and spread
• readymade dish from a tin or have a soup
• Britain supper: dinner, main meal, between 6 and 7 o’clock, soup, fried fish and chips, sometimes meat and vegetables; meat puddings and apple pies
• my supper
4) Other daily meals
• British tea at five: biscuits or cakes, several cups of strong tea with milk
• fast food: typical feature of British and American lifestyles, McDonald’s fast food restaurant
• snacks (forenoon, afternoon)
• light supper at night: piece of cold meat or ham, cheese, some biscuits or just a glass of milk
• restaurant: on special occasions, celebrations
• typical food in Great Britain: fish and chips, lamb meat, tea
• typical food in the USA: hamburgers, fast food, coca-cola
• typical food in Czech Republic (national cuisine): roasted pork with sauerkraut and Czech dumplings
Shops and Shopping
(various kinds of shops and goods, benefits and drawbacks of shopping at a supermarket or at a small shop, buying presents, shopping as a new entertainment)
1) Types of shops
• specialised shops
o the greengrocer in fruit and vegetables (apples, pears, bananas, grapefruits, cherries, strawberries, melons, carrots, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, garlic)
o the butcher [bučr] in meat (beef, pork, poultry – chicken, hen, turkey; rabbit, lamb, sausages, liver, kidneys)
o the baker in bread and cakes (rolls, bans, doughnuts)
o the dairy in milk products and eggs (milk, butter, cream, cheese, yoghurt)
o the confectioner or sweet shop in sweet and ice cream (chocolate, box of sweets, puddings, chocolate sticks)
o the tobacconist in cigarettes, the newsagent in newspapers and magazines
o the florist in flowers (for special occasions – wedding, birthday, Valentine, funeral)
o the men’s and women’s wear in clothes and dresses (cap, hut, scarf, anorak, gloves, trousers, jeans, jacket, suit, shoes, tracksuit, T-shirts, shorts, trainers etc.)
o the ironmonger [aironmondžr] in metal goods (equipment for household – tools, pans, nails)
o the stationery in paper products and office supplies (exercise books, rulers, pens, papers, envelopes, paints)
o the jeweller in jewellery
o the toyshop in various toys for children (dolls, cars, teddy-bears, trains, balls)
• supermarkets and hypermarkets, self-service shops
o “serve-yourself” system: go in, pick up a basket or trolley, walk around the shop, choose what you want, pay for all goods at the exit at a cash-desk
• department stores
o Marks and Spencer, Harrods in London
o in Harrods about 40000 customers per day (same as population of Trebic city)
o everything from food to furniture
• common shops, in the village
o the grocer’s: food (tea, coffee, sugar, flour, butter, cheese, eggs, jam, biscuits), kitchen needs (soap, detergents – cleaning articles)
o drug store: medicines, ointments, toothpaste, combs, soap, cosmetics, razor blades, sunglasses, films
2) Shopping
• currencies:
o Czech crown, banknotes 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, coins 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 crowns, 50 hellers
o British pound in England
o U. S. dollar in the USA, own dollars in other English-speaking countries
o Euro in European currency union
• paying by credit cards: Visa [vajza] Card, American Express etc.
• Czech shopping habits in an average family: goes shopping every day for necessary food, once a week one bigger purchase for the weekend, from time to time buying clothes, shoes and house equipments
• shopping “fever” before Christmas season, buying nice and unique Christmas presents
• souvenirs from Czech Republic: souvenirs from street stall at the Charles Bridge, book about our country, compact discs with Czech classical music, cut glass, china etc
3) Shopping opportunities in local city
• most shops situated in the square (book shops, sports wearing, fast food, bank, lot of services, town hall, hotel, pubs, restaurants, post office, newsagents, pet shop etc.)
• super- and hypermarkets
• shopping habits of my family
• my favourite shops
1) Types of shops
• specialised shops
o the greengrocer in fruit and vegetables (apples, pears, bananas, grapefruits, cherries, strawberries, melons, carrots, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, garlic)
o the butcher [bučr] in meat (beef, pork, poultry – chicken, hen, turkey; rabbit, lamb, sausages, liver, kidneys)
o the baker in bread and cakes (rolls, bans, doughnuts)
o the dairy in milk products and eggs (milk, butter, cream, cheese, yoghurt)
o the confectioner or sweet shop in sweet and ice cream (chocolate, box of sweets, puddings, chocolate sticks)
o the tobacconist in cigarettes, the newsagent in newspapers and magazines
o the florist in flowers (for special occasions – wedding, birthday, Valentine, funeral)
o the men’s and women’s wear in clothes and dresses (cap, hut, scarf, anorak, gloves, trousers, jeans, jacket, suit, shoes, tracksuit, T-shirts, shorts, trainers etc.)
o the ironmonger [aironmondžr] in metal goods (equipment for household – tools, pans, nails)
o the stationery in paper products and office supplies (exercise books, rulers, pens, papers, envelopes, paints)
o the jeweller in jewellery
o the toyshop in various toys for children (dolls, cars, teddy-bears, trains, balls)
• supermarkets and hypermarkets, self-service shops
o “serve-yourself” system: go in, pick up a basket or trolley, walk around the shop, choose what you want, pay for all goods at the exit at a cash-desk
• department stores
o Marks and Spencer, Harrods in London
o in Harrods about 40000 customers per day (same as population of Trebic city)
o everything from food to furniture
• common shops, in the village
o the grocer’s: food (tea, coffee, sugar, flour, butter, cheese, eggs, jam, biscuits), kitchen needs (soap, detergents – cleaning articles)
o drug store: medicines, ointments, toothpaste, combs, soap, cosmetics, razor blades, sunglasses, films
2) Shopping
• currencies:
o Czech crown, banknotes 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, coins 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 crowns, 50 hellers
o British pound in England
o U. S. dollar in the USA, own dollars in other English-speaking countries
o Euro in European currency union
• paying by credit cards: Visa [vajza] Card, American Express etc.
• Czech shopping habits in an average family: goes shopping every day for necessary food, once a week one bigger purchase for the weekend, from time to time buying clothes, shoes and house equipments
• shopping “fever” before Christmas season, buying nice and unique Christmas presents
• souvenirs from Czech Republic: souvenirs from street stall at the Charles Bridge, book about our country, compact discs with Czech classical music, cut glass, china etc
3) Shopping opportunities in local city
• most shops situated in the square (book shops, sports wearing, fast food, bank, lot of services, town hall, hotel, pubs, restaurants, post office, newsagents, pet shop etc.)
• super- and hypermarkets
• shopping habits of my family
• my favourite shops
Clothing
(formal, casual, materials, patterns, styles, the latest fashion, buying clothes)
1) Clothing
• Czech proverb “Clothes make a man”
• different attitudes (přístupy) to fashion, typically
o men do not care what they wear
o women like to spend a lot of money on clothes
• ready-made clothes, clothes made to measure
• style of clothes depend on factors like:
o geography, climate, season
o poverty, wealth
o taste
o occasion
• clothes according to latest fashion described in fashion magazines, needn’t to suit every time
• fashion concerns also hair style, make-up and accessories (handbags, jewellery, glasses)
• trademarks on clothes (Nike, Adidas, Fishbone)
• centres of fashion: London, Paris, Rome
• changes in the length of clothes, very quick, because dressmaking become a big business
• types of neckline: high or low, oval, V-neck, with collar or collarless
• natural materials: cotton (bavlna), wool [vul], linen (plátno), silk (hedvábí), velvet (samet), leather (kůže); man-made fibres; best materials: non-iron, shrink-resistant fabric
• design of materials: plain or patterned (flowered, geometric, spotted), colours from the brightest to the coolest
• me and clothes
2) Clothing for various occasions
• in summer: T-shirts with short sleeves, light summer trousers or shorts, sandals or trainers
• in winter: jean, sweater, anorak, winter coat and jacket, sometimes fur coat, gloves, cap, scarf
• swimming: women: swim suit; men: trunks
• special occasions: men: dark suit, light shirt, tie, shoes; woman: evening dress, pumps
• sport: sports wear (shorts, T-shirts, sport shoes: boots, ski shoes)
• at home: leisure wear, e. g. tracksuit
• at school: practical and plain, in Britain school uniforms
• uniforms and costumes
o police – black, blue
o armed forces, soldiers – green, masked
o health workers – white, nurses white and blue
o schools in Britain
• national costumes: Scotland (skirt for men), Moravia & Silesia (decorated dresses)
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
o suitcase (kufr na oblečení), briefcase (diplomatka), trunk (lodní kufr)
o bag, rucksack
3) Men clothing
• small stock of vests, pants, slippers, pyjamas, socks, knee socks
• several pairs of trousers, some suits and jackets
• a pile of shirts, long sleeved and short sleeved, pullovers, sweaters, sweatshirts, T-shirts
• an anorak, a winter coat, a mackintosh, gloves, scarfs (šály), shoes
4) Women clothing
• underwear made of silk or artificial silk
• a dress or a blouse and a skirt
• a pair of stockings (punčochy) or panty hose (volné kalhoty), a pair of shoes
• pant suit (kalhotový kostým) – pants and jacket
• pants (kalhoty), a blouse or a jumper and a cardigan (svetr, vesta)
• winter coat, an anorak or a fur coat, a hat or fur cap, gloves
• winter shoes, e. g. high leg shoes (kozačky)
1) Clothing
• Czech proverb “Clothes make a man”
• different attitudes (přístupy) to fashion, typically
o men do not care what they wear
o women like to spend a lot of money on clothes
• ready-made clothes, clothes made to measure
• style of clothes depend on factors like:
o geography, climate, season
o poverty, wealth
o taste
o occasion
• clothes according to latest fashion described in fashion magazines, needn’t to suit every time
• fashion concerns also hair style, make-up and accessories (handbags, jewellery, glasses)
• trademarks on clothes (Nike, Adidas, Fishbone)
• centres of fashion: London, Paris, Rome
• changes in the length of clothes, very quick, because dressmaking become a big business
• types of neckline: high or low, oval, V-neck, with collar or collarless
• natural materials: cotton (bavlna), wool [vul], linen (plátno), silk (hedvábí), velvet (samet), leather (kůže); man-made fibres; best materials: non-iron, shrink-resistant fabric
• design of materials: plain or patterned (flowered, geometric, spotted), colours from the brightest to the coolest
• me and clothes
2) Clothing for various occasions
• in summer: T-shirts with short sleeves, light summer trousers or shorts, sandals or trainers
• in winter: jean, sweater, anorak, winter coat and jacket, sometimes fur coat, gloves, cap, scarf
• swimming: women: swim suit; men: trunks
• special occasions: men: dark suit, light shirt, tie, shoes; woman: evening dress, pumps
• sport: sports wear (shorts, T-shirts, sport shoes: boots, ski shoes)
• at home: leisure wear, e. g. tracksuit
• at school: practical and plain, in Britain school uniforms
• uniforms and costumes
o police – black, blue
o armed forces, soldiers – green, masked
o health workers – white, nurses white and blue
o schools in Britain
• national costumes: Scotland (skirt for men), Moravia & Silesia (decorated dresses)
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
o suitcase (kufr na oblečení), briefcase (diplomatka), trunk (lodní kufr)
o bag, rucksack
3) Men clothing
• small stock of vests, pants, slippers, pyjamas, socks, knee socks
• several pairs of trousers, some suits and jackets
• a pile of shirts, long sleeved and short sleeved, pullovers, sweaters, sweatshirts, T-shirts
• an anorak, a winter coat, a mackintosh, gloves, scarfs (šály), shoes
4) Women clothing
• underwear made of silk or artificial silk
• a dress or a blouse and a skirt
• a pair of stockings (punčochy) or panty hose (volné kalhoty), a pair of shoes
• pant suit (kalhotový kostým) – pants and jacket
• pants (kalhoty), a blouse or a jumper and a cardigan (svetr, vesta)
• winter coat, an anorak or a fur coat, a hat or fur cap, gloves
• winter shoes, e. g. high leg shoes (kozačky)
Travelling, Holidays, Hotel
(types of accommodation, booking in a hotel, interesting places visited, benefits of travelling, means of transport, favourite holiday destinations)
1) Travelling
• one of the most beloved free time occupations of modern people
• reasons of travelling
o learning about new places, countries, new people
o coming back to nature
o business, political, cultural reasons
o scientific purpose
• may be dangerous: can meet bad people, get lost, be murdered, money may be stolen
• various means of transport
o former times: on foot, on horseback
o car, motorcycle (most comfortable, no timetable, luggage not limited; traffic jams in cities, air pollution, need driver – driving licence, check fuel, oil, air pressure in tires)
o bus, tram, underground (public transport, underground without traffic jams, buses not ecologic)
o railways – train (greatly modernised – not in CR, diesel and electric engines; comfortable travelling, sleeping car, dining car, toilet with wash basin; non-stop and fast trains for longer distances)
o aeroplane (fastest mean of transport, need plane ticket and some way to get to the airport, cared for by air-hostess during the flight, pilots [pailots] get instructions from the control tower for taking off and landing)
o ship (used to be the only way to get over the ocean, nowadays romantic way of travelling; people can be seasick; travelling to GB: through the tunnel or on a ferry)
o bicycle, hitchhike
o sailing on a yacht, hot-air ballooning, skateboarding, roller-skating
• travel agencies
o state or private
o can arrange trips, tickets, accommodations
o cultural trips to historic places (Egypt, Rome, Athens)
o recreation stays in mountains or seaside resorts (Alps, Croatia)
o stays with sports or educational programmes (riding horses, language courses)
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
o suitcase (kufr na oblečení), briefcase (diplomatka), trunk (lodní kufr)
o bag, rucksack [raksek]
• travelling abroad: valid passport and for some countries visa necessary, health insurance, need to change money
• foreign language: most people in world speak English, in Europe also German and French
2) Accommodation
• room in a hotel, can be booked by letter, phone or via email
• best hotels: clean and comfortable and the price is not high
• expensive hotels: bathroom for each bedroom, TV set, fridge etc.
• cheap hotels: inns (in the country) and pubs (in the towns); hostels (for young people)
• enter a hotel, fill in the registration form at receptionist’s desk (name, permanent address, nationality, time of stay, number of identity card), get a key of the room
• typical equipment in hotel room: wash basin, bed, bedside table, wardrobe, small table with chair
• typical facilities in hotel: restaurant, dancing place, swimming pool, fitness centre, sauna, hairdresser
3) My holiday destinations
• weekend house, used on weekends when the weather is good
• one week of holidays, in summer, typically somewhere in CR, sometimes by the sea
1) Travelling
• one of the most beloved free time occupations of modern people
• reasons of travelling
o learning about new places, countries, new people
o coming back to nature
o business, political, cultural reasons
o scientific purpose
• may be dangerous: can meet bad people, get lost, be murdered, money may be stolen
• various means of transport
o former times: on foot, on horseback
o car, motorcycle (most comfortable, no timetable, luggage not limited; traffic jams in cities, air pollution, need driver – driving licence, check fuel, oil, air pressure in tires)
o bus, tram, underground (public transport, underground without traffic jams, buses not ecologic)
o railways – train (greatly modernised – not in CR, diesel and electric engines; comfortable travelling, sleeping car, dining car, toilet with wash basin; non-stop and fast trains for longer distances)
o aeroplane (fastest mean of transport, need plane ticket and some way to get to the airport, cared for by air-hostess during the flight, pilots [pailots] get instructions from the control tower for taking off and landing)
o ship (used to be the only way to get over the ocean, nowadays romantic way of travelling; people can be seasick; travelling to GB: through the tunnel or on a ferry)
o bicycle, hitchhike
o sailing on a yacht, hot-air ballooning, skateboarding, roller-skating
• travel agencies
o state or private
o can arrange trips, tickets, accommodations
o cultural trips to historic places (Egypt, Rome, Athens)
o recreation stays in mountains or seaside resorts (Alps, Croatia)
o stays with sports or educational programmes (riding horses, language courses)
• luggage (GB) / baggage (USA)
o suitcase (kufr na oblečení), briefcase (diplomatka), trunk (lodní kufr)
o bag, rucksack [raksek]
• travelling abroad: valid passport and for some countries visa necessary, health insurance, need to change money
• foreign language: most people in world speak English, in Europe also German and French
2) Accommodation
• room in a hotel, can be booked by letter, phone or via email
• best hotels: clean and comfortable and the price is not high
• expensive hotels: bathroom for each bedroom, TV set, fridge etc.
• cheap hotels: inns (in the country) and pubs (in the towns); hostels (for young people)
• enter a hotel, fill in the registration form at receptionist’s desk (name, permanent address, nationality, time of stay, number of identity card), get a key of the room
• typical equipment in hotel room: wash basin, bed, bedside table, wardrobe, small table with chair
• typical facilities in hotel: restaurant, dancing place, swimming pool, fitness centre, sauna, hairdresser
3) My holiday destinations
• weekend house, used on weekends when the weather is good
• one week of holidays, in summer, typically somewhere in CR, sometimes by the sea
Occupations
(blue-colar jobs, white-colar jobs, advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the right career, to get a good job, certain professions need certain qualities, future plans)
1) Manual jobs – blue-colar
• basic education
o driver, dustman, milkmaid, miner, sailor (fisherman), worker
• Civil Training Centre (Training Centre of Building)
o bricklayer, electrician, carpenter (tesař), joiner (truhlář), plumber (instalatér), gardener, painter, locksmith
• Hotel school / more-purpose training centre (in Borovina & Sirotci)
o shoemaker, dressmaker, needlewoman, tailor, cook, baker, waiter, waitress, shop assistant, butcher
• Agricultural Training Centre (Horka-Domky)
o car mechanic, repairer of agricultural machines, art-smith
2) Intellectual jobs – white-colar
• Academy of Commerce
o accountant, officers, clerk
• Grammar School, Church Grammar School
o preparing for tertiary education
• West-Moravian University
o computer programmers
• Secondary School of Health
o nurses, health workers
• professions with university education
o important for the state: president, prime minister, ministers and deputies, senators; in foreign countries – ambassadors
o scientist (trying to gain new knowledge – Czech Academy of Science), astronomer (exploring stars)
o notary (verifying documents), lawyer, judge [džadž] (area of criminal activity and commercial disputes)
o doctor (taking care of sick people)
o architect (designing new houses)
o teacher (teaching in schools)
• other intellectual jobs
o newspaper reporter, radio announcer (collecting news)
o painter (painting pictures), writer (writing novels)
o actor (playing in theatres and films)
o director, deputy, secretary (in every company)
o private businessman
o policeman, armed forces
3) Jobs, future plans
• choosing a career – important step (money, satisfaction from a well done job)
• wage (mzda) depends on the kind of work, on its quality, on our education, on the prosperity of company
• unemployment – big problem in our country, especially in Trebic (14%), employment service agency takes care of unemployed people, looking for vacancy in advertisements or in competitions
• moving for work – typical in the USA, not in CR
• professions
o manual vs. intellectual
o men vs. women
o outdoor vs. indoor
• my future plans: would like to study Technical university in Brno next year, interested in electronic and computers, want to work in this branches
• choice of professions of my schoolmates (humanity, technical)
1) Manual jobs – blue-colar
• basic education
o driver, dustman, milkmaid, miner, sailor (fisherman), worker
• Civil Training Centre (Training Centre of Building)
o bricklayer, electrician, carpenter (tesař), joiner (truhlář), plumber (instalatér), gardener, painter, locksmith
• Hotel school / more-purpose training centre (in Borovina & Sirotci)
o shoemaker, dressmaker, needlewoman, tailor, cook, baker, waiter, waitress, shop assistant, butcher
• Agricultural Training Centre (Horka-Domky)
o car mechanic, repairer of agricultural machines, art-smith
2) Intellectual jobs – white-colar
• Academy of Commerce
o accountant, officers, clerk
• Grammar School, Church Grammar School
o preparing for tertiary education
• West-Moravian University
o computer programmers
• Secondary School of Health
o nurses, health workers
• professions with university education
o important for the state: president, prime minister, ministers and deputies, senators; in foreign countries – ambassadors
o scientist (trying to gain new knowledge – Czech Academy of Science), astronomer (exploring stars)
o notary (verifying documents), lawyer, judge [džadž] (area of criminal activity and commercial disputes)
o doctor (taking care of sick people)
o architect (designing new houses)
o teacher (teaching in schools)
• other intellectual jobs
o newspaper reporter, radio announcer (collecting news)
o painter (painting pictures), writer (writing novels)
o actor (playing in theatres and films)
o director, deputy, secretary (in every company)
o private businessman
o policeman, armed forces
3) Jobs, future plans
• choosing a career – important step (money, satisfaction from a well done job)
• wage (mzda) depends on the kind of work, on its quality, on our education, on the prosperity of company
• unemployment – big problem in our country, especially in Trebic (14%), employment service agency takes care of unemployed people, looking for vacancy in advertisements or in competitions
• moving for work – typical in the USA, not in CR
• professions
o manual vs. intellectual
o men vs. women
o outdoor vs. indoor
• my future plans: would like to study Technical university in Brno next year, interested in electronic and computers, want to work in this branches
• choice of professions of my schoolmates (humanity, technical)
Our Environment
(environmental problems, their causes and results, possible solutions, public awareness, how to become more environmentally aware)
1) Environmental problems
• the environment: flora, fauna, the water, the air, the earth
• air pollution
o all beings share the air, only people pollute
o exhaust produced by cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, aeroplanes
o exhaust trapped in cities due to wind currents
o heavy industry – some factories emit SO2 (sulphur dioxide), spread by wind
o acid rains caused by mixing of SO2 with rainwater, pollutes the water and the soil (půda)
• ground and water pollution
o acid rains make trees grow slowly, get old quickly, then die
o absence of efficient cleaning system in many factories
o conventional agriculture (chemical fertilisers [frtilajzrs] (hnojiva))
o chemical based cleaning products in household (cleaning machines for villages above 1000 inhabitants)
• the hole in the ozone layer
o ozone layer – filter for the sun
o increase of skin cancer due to damage of this layer
o changes in global weather
o caused by industrial and technological way of life of 20th century (CFCs – Freon, CO2)
o in Czech Republic the worst during January and February
o ozone on the ground level (diseases, asthma, corrosion of certain materials)
• destruction of rainforests
o Amazon rain forest provides half of the world’s production of oxygen, “lungs of the Earth”
o destructed by acid rains, air pollution and people (firewood, building materials, ground)
o if we lose tropical forests: more difficult to breathe, temperature will rise (because of CO2), icecaps at the North and South Poles will melt, sea level will rise, flooding
• ecological catastrophes (oil tanker accidents, Spolana Neratovice, Chernobyl 1986)
• noise (problem of big cities)
2) Actions, which should be taken
• separate and recycle the trash, specialised dustbins (bio, paper, glass, plastic, metals; also in our scool)
• don’t waste water (showers instead of baths)
• don’t waste electricity (switch off unused lights, radio, PC etc.)
• recycle used batteries, fridges, electronics (TV, radios)
• bike when possible or use public transport, underground; catch parking fields in big cities
• use unleaded [anledid] petrol, buy a car with catalysator
• avoid using washing powders with dangerous chemicals
• don’t throw the waste in nature
• London in sixties – installation of cleaning machines to chimneys in every household
3) The environment
• ecology = science concerned with protection of the environment; at school ecological education
• alternative sources of energy: solar, water, wind, geothermal (in CR: two nuclear power plants, thermal plants, water plants on dams)
• environmental organisation Greenpeace (fights against pollution and nuclear power plants)
• animal and plant protection, save the balance of species affected by human activities (bears, wolfs, mushrooms)
• establishment of national parks and nature reserves, provide protection and opportunities for outdoor recreation
• national parks Sumava, Krnap (Giant Mountains), reservation Mohelno steppe
1) Environmental problems
• the environment: flora, fauna, the water, the air, the earth
• air pollution
o all beings share the air, only people pollute
o exhaust produced by cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, aeroplanes
o exhaust trapped in cities due to wind currents
o heavy industry – some factories emit SO2 (sulphur dioxide), spread by wind
o acid rains caused by mixing of SO2 with rainwater, pollutes the water and the soil (půda)
• ground and water pollution
o acid rains make trees grow slowly, get old quickly, then die
o absence of efficient cleaning system in many factories
o conventional agriculture (chemical fertilisers [frtilajzrs] (hnojiva))
o chemical based cleaning products in household (cleaning machines for villages above 1000 inhabitants)
• the hole in the ozone layer
o ozone layer – filter for the sun
o increase of skin cancer due to damage of this layer
o changes in global weather
o caused by industrial and technological way of life of 20th century (CFCs – Freon, CO2)
o in Czech Republic the worst during January and February
o ozone on the ground level (diseases, asthma, corrosion of certain materials)
• destruction of rainforests
o Amazon rain forest provides half of the world’s production of oxygen, “lungs of the Earth”
o destructed by acid rains, air pollution and people (firewood, building materials, ground)
o if we lose tropical forests: more difficult to breathe, temperature will rise (because of CO2), icecaps at the North and South Poles will melt, sea level will rise, flooding
• ecological catastrophes (oil tanker accidents, Spolana Neratovice, Chernobyl 1986)
• noise (problem of big cities)
2) Actions, which should be taken
• separate and recycle the trash, specialised dustbins (bio, paper, glass, plastic, metals; also in our scool)
• don’t waste water (showers instead of baths)
• don’t waste electricity (switch off unused lights, radio, PC etc.)
• recycle used batteries, fridges, electronics (TV, radios)
• bike when possible or use public transport, underground; catch parking fields in big cities
• use unleaded [anledid] petrol, buy a car with catalysator
• avoid using washing powders with dangerous chemicals
• don’t throw the waste in nature
• London in sixties – installation of cleaning machines to chimneys in every household
3) The environment
• ecology = science concerned with protection of the environment; at school ecological education
• alternative sources of energy: solar, water, wind, geothermal (in CR: two nuclear power plants, thermal plants, water plants on dams)
• environmental organisation Greenpeace (fights against pollution and nuclear power plants)
• animal and plant protection, save the balance of species affected by human activities (bears, wolfs, mushrooms)
• establishment of national parks and nature reserves, provide protection and opportunities for outdoor recreation
• national parks Sumava, Krnap (Giant Mountains), reservation Mohelno steppe
English and American Literature
(famous English and American authors, your favourite author – life, works, style of writing, plots, settings)
1) My favourite author – Isaac Asimov
• born in 1920 in Petrovichi, Russia
• in 1923 emigrated to New York, USA
• 1934 first story
• studies at Columbia University, biology and chemistry
• 1939 first professional story in Amazing Stories
• died in 1992
• short stories about robots: Robbie, Reason, Lair!, Runaround, Evidence, Little Lost Robot, The Bicentennial Man – published in collection I, Robot
• novels about robots: The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, The Robots of Drawn, Robots and Empire
• famous Laws of Robotics (from Handbook of Robotics, 56th Edition, 2058 A.D., as quoted in I, Robot)
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the 1st Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the 1st or 2nd Law.
• 1951-53 famous trilogy Foundation, Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation (describes “future history” of galactic empire), in 1966 Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award, then additional 4 parts
• novels The Gods Themselves, The End of Eternity, series of novels about Lucky Starr
• 1989 Nemesis; story for film Fantastic Voyage
• influenced by Karel Capek’s RUR, a lot of Hugo and Nebula awards, author of words “robotics”, “positronic”, “psychohistory”
2) English Literature
• oldest epic poem The Song of Beowulf, form Anglo-Saxon period
• religious literature by John Wycliff, influenced John Huss
• Middle Ages: Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century, Canterbury Tales – about pilgrims on their way to Canterbury)
• Renaissance (without William Shakespeare)
o Sir Thomas More (philosopher, Utopia)
o Christopher Marlowe (The Tragical history of Doctor Faust – inspiration for Goethe)
• Baroque: John Milton (Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained)
• Enlightenment
o Jonathan Swift (Gulliver’s Travels)
o Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe)
• Romanism
o Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe, Rob Roy)
o George Gordon Byron (Child Harold’s Pilgrimage)
o Percy Bysshe Shelley (Prometheus Unbound; his wife, Mary Shelley, wrote Frankenstein)
• Victorian age: Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Papers of the Pickwick Club, Christmas stories)
• 1st half of 20th century
o Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (detective stories with Sherlock Holmes)
o Agatha Christie (detective stories with Hercule Poirot)
o Herbert George Wells (The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine)
o George Bernard Shaw (Pygmalion – My Fair Lady)
• 2nd half of 20th century (“Angry Young Men”)
o John Osborne (Look Back in Anger)
o Kingsley Amis (Lucky Jim)
3) American Literature
• 19th century
o Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tow Sawyer)
o Edgar Allan Poe (Murder in the Morgue Street, poem The Raven)
o Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass)
• prose in 20th century (without Ernest Hemingway): William Faulkner, John Steinbeck
• poetry in 20th century: Allen Ginsberg (Howl)
1) My favourite author – Isaac Asimov
• born in 1920 in Petrovichi, Russia
• in 1923 emigrated to New York, USA
• 1934 first story
• studies at Columbia University, biology and chemistry
• 1939 first professional story in Amazing Stories
• died in 1992
• short stories about robots: Robbie, Reason, Lair!, Runaround, Evidence, Little Lost Robot, The Bicentennial Man – published in collection I, Robot
• novels about robots: The Caves of Steel, The Naked Sun, The Robots of Drawn, Robots and Empire
• famous Laws of Robotics (from Handbook of Robotics, 56th Edition, 2058 A.D., as quoted in I, Robot)
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the 1st Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the 1st or 2nd Law.
• 1951-53 famous trilogy Foundation, Foundation and Empire, Second Foundation (describes “future history” of galactic empire), in 1966 Best All-time Novel Series Hugo Award, then additional 4 parts
• novels The Gods Themselves, The End of Eternity, series of novels about Lucky Starr
• 1989 Nemesis; story for film Fantastic Voyage
• influenced by Karel Capek’s RUR, a lot of Hugo and Nebula awards, author of words “robotics”, “positronic”, “psychohistory”
2) English Literature
• oldest epic poem The Song of Beowulf, form Anglo-Saxon period
• religious literature by John Wycliff, influenced John Huss
• Middle Ages: Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century, Canterbury Tales – about pilgrims on their way to Canterbury)
• Renaissance (without William Shakespeare)
o Sir Thomas More (philosopher, Utopia)
o Christopher Marlowe (The Tragical history of Doctor Faust – inspiration for Goethe)
• Baroque: John Milton (Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained)
• Enlightenment
o Jonathan Swift (Gulliver’s Travels)
o Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe)
• Romanism
o Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe, Rob Roy)
o George Gordon Byron (Child Harold’s Pilgrimage)
o Percy Bysshe Shelley (Prometheus Unbound; his wife, Mary Shelley, wrote Frankenstein)
• Victorian age: Charles Dickens (Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Papers of the Pickwick Club, Christmas stories)
• 1st half of 20th century
o Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (detective stories with Sherlock Holmes)
o Agatha Christie (detective stories with Hercule Poirot)
o Herbert George Wells (The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine)
o George Bernard Shaw (Pygmalion – My Fair Lady)
• 2nd half of 20th century (“Angry Young Men”)
o John Osborne (Look Back in Anger)
o Kingsley Amis (Lucky Jim)
3) American Literature
• 19th century
o Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tow Sawyer)
o Edgar Allan Poe (Murder in the Morgue Street, poem The Raven)
o Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass)
• prose in 20th century (without Ernest Hemingway): William Faulkner, John Steinbeck
• poetry in 20th century: Allen Ginsberg (Howl)
My Daily Programme
My Daily Programme, Leisure Time Occupations
(favourite hobbies and pastimes, skills and equipment needed, benefits of going for a hobby, different kinds of music, books, films, TV programmes, theatre performances)
1) Programme of school day
• stable from Monday to Friday
• get up after 7 o’clock
• dedicate what to wear, get dressed, prepare things to school
• hygiene [hajdžín] routine (wash my face and hands, brush my teeth, dry with a towel)
• prepare school snack and breakfast (a cup of cocoa)
• go to school on foot / have to commute, leave the house after 7:30, journey to school takes 5 minutes
• lessons start at 8 o’clock, each class has its own timetable
• lesson 45 minutes long, breaks 10 minutes, “long” break between 2nd and 3rd lesson 20 minutes long
• lunch in the school canteen
• come home, relax for an hour, prepare for next school day
• eat the supper, take a shower, go to my room, watch TV, read, listen to music, work with computer
2) My hobbies (example)
• interested in computers
• computer in my room on a table (case, ink printer, keyboard and mouse in a tray, great 19” monitor, superb sound system with subwoofer, external modem)
• know some programming languages: Delphi, Pascal, Assembler 51, HTML, PHP, SQL, also able to read C, C++, Visual Basic, Assembler 86, JavaScript and a lot of others
• working with Internet, looking for information
• favourite music
o hard and alternative rock, punk (music bands: Guano Apes, Nirvana, Paradise Lost, Korn, Murderdolls, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, System of a down, Cranberries)
o few kinds of Czech and Slovak music (Karel Kryl, Kabat, Daniel Landa, Ine kafe)
o classic music (composers: Smetana, Dvorak, Beethoven)
• favourite books
o science fiction (Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke)
• films and TV programmes
o favourite station CT2, documents, less known films; sometimes Nova, action films; Prima, detective stories
o a lot of films on computer
o favourite film: Shrek (about a ugly ogre, who want to save his swamp and felt in love with a princess)
(favourite hobbies and pastimes, skills and equipment needed, benefits of going for a hobby, different kinds of music, books, films, TV programmes, theatre performances)
1) Programme of school day
• stable from Monday to Friday
• get up after 7 o’clock
• dedicate what to wear, get dressed, prepare things to school
• hygiene [hajdžín] routine (wash my face and hands, brush my teeth, dry with a towel)
• prepare school snack and breakfast (a cup of cocoa)
• go to school on foot / have to commute, leave the house after 7:30, journey to school takes 5 minutes
• lessons start at 8 o’clock, each class has its own timetable
• lesson 45 minutes long, breaks 10 minutes, “long” break between 2nd and 3rd lesson 20 minutes long
• lunch in the school canteen
• come home, relax for an hour, prepare for next school day
• eat the supper, take a shower, go to my room, watch TV, read, listen to music, work with computer
2) My hobbies (example)
• interested in computers
• computer in my room on a table (case, ink printer, keyboard and mouse in a tray, great 19” monitor, superb sound system with subwoofer, external modem)
• know some programming languages: Delphi, Pascal, Assembler 51, HTML, PHP, SQL, also able to read C, C++, Visual Basic, Assembler 86, JavaScript and a lot of others
• working with Internet, looking for information
• favourite music
o hard and alternative rock, punk (music bands: Guano Apes, Nirvana, Paradise Lost, Korn, Murderdolls, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, System of a down, Cranberries)
o few kinds of Czech and Slovak music (Karel Kryl, Kabat, Daniel Landa, Ine kafe)
o classic music (composers: Smetana, Dvorak, Beethoven)
• favourite books
o science fiction (Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke)
• films and TV programmes
o favourite station CT2, documents, less known films; sometimes Nova, action films; Prima, detective stories
o a lot of films on computer
o favourite film: Shrek (about a ugly ogre, who want to save his swamp and felt in love with a princess)
Sports
Sports, Tourism, International Sports Competitions
(indoor and outdoor sports, skills and equipment needed, team and individual sports, professional sports, dangerous sports, benefits and drawbacks of playing sports)
1) Kinds of sports
• winter sports: skiing (cross country, downhill), snowboarding, ice hockey (Canada, Czech Republic), figure skating (krasobruslení), speed skating, sledging (sáňkování)
• water sports: swimming (free style, backstroke, crawl), windsurfing, surfing, deep sea diving, water skiing, rowing
• martial arts (action films, Ch. Norris): boxing, fencing (šerm), judo, karate, wrestling (řeckořímský zápas), aikido; body building (fitness centres)
• nature sports: fishing, rock climbing, hiking (GB), cycling, horse riding (GB), jogging (USA)
• light athletics: sprinting events, long distance running (E. Zatopek), hurdle racing (běh přes překážky), relay racing (štafetový běh), speed walking, jumping (height, length), throwing discs and spears (hod oštěpem) (J. Zelezny)
• team sports: football (GB), volleyball, basketball, tennis, rugby, baseball (USA), cricket
2) Sports
• performed at specialized facilities: sports’ hall, tennis and golf courts, open air stadium, open air pool, swimming pool, gym, bowling alley, ski slopes, trails, playground
• various equipment: tennis rocket, ball, net, goal, golf ball, baseball, hockey stick, skates, protective clothing, skies
• sports in GB: archery (lukostřelba) (Robin Hood, practised at basic schools), horse racing, rowing, hiking (in GB typical to be a member of a club)
• games in GB (rules, more than 3 players): bowling (kuželky), darts (both women and men), cricket, golf, tennis, football, netball
• sports in USA: baseball (from Indians), soccer [sokr] (kopaná) (European rules), football (American rules – can touch the ball), rugby, basketball
• sports in Canada: ice hockey, winter sports (skating, skiing, sledging)
• description of volleyball: It consists of two teams each with six players. It is played on a field or a beach and you need a ball and a net. The object of the game is not to let the ball touch the ground on your side, but to attempt to make the ball hit the ground on your opponent’s side. The winner of the game is the team, which had the ball touch the ground the least amount of times on their side.
• sports on TV: CT2, Nova, Prima (football, ice hockey; sport news after main news), on satellite: DSF, Eurosport
• best known players: ice hockey (NHL: Elias, Jagr, Hasek, Dopita), tennis (Navratilova), skiing (Naumannova)
3) Physical education
• at school two lessons of PE weekly
• get in our sport suit (T-shirt, shorts and running shoes), line up for the start of the class, one of us reports to the teacher that we are ready, than stretching, warming up
• athletics, ball games, table-tennis, fitness exercising
• good weather: go out to the stadium (playing football, practicing athletics)
• sporting days at stadium
4) Sports events
• the Olympic Games
o held every 4 years, summer and winter part
o named after city in Greece, where it took place in 776 B.C.; peace kept during the competitions
o restored in Athens, 1896
o managed by the International Olympic Committee
o symbol: five different coloured circles on a white background ( = 5 continents)
• tennis tournaments: Davis Cup, Wimbledon (GB)
• horse racing: Steeple-chase (Liverpool, GB), Great Pardubian Horse Racing
• the World and European Championships and Cups, in various sports
5) Me and sports
• summer sports
• winter sports
(indoor and outdoor sports, skills and equipment needed, team and individual sports, professional sports, dangerous sports, benefits and drawbacks of playing sports)
1) Kinds of sports
• winter sports: skiing (cross country, downhill), snowboarding, ice hockey (Canada, Czech Republic), figure skating (krasobruslení), speed skating, sledging (sáňkování)
• water sports: swimming (free style, backstroke, crawl), windsurfing, surfing, deep sea diving, water skiing, rowing
• martial arts (action films, Ch. Norris): boxing, fencing (šerm), judo, karate, wrestling (řeckořímský zápas), aikido; body building (fitness centres)
• nature sports: fishing, rock climbing, hiking (GB), cycling, horse riding (GB), jogging (USA)
• light athletics: sprinting events, long distance running (E. Zatopek), hurdle racing (běh přes překážky), relay racing (štafetový běh), speed walking, jumping (height, length), throwing discs and spears (hod oštěpem) (J. Zelezny)
• team sports: football (GB), volleyball, basketball, tennis, rugby, baseball (USA), cricket
2) Sports
• performed at specialized facilities: sports’ hall, tennis and golf courts, open air stadium, open air pool, swimming pool, gym, bowling alley, ski slopes, trails, playground
• various equipment: tennis rocket, ball, net, goal, golf ball, baseball, hockey stick, skates, protective clothing, skies
• sports in GB: archery (lukostřelba) (Robin Hood, practised at basic schools), horse racing, rowing, hiking (in GB typical to be a member of a club)
• games in GB (rules, more than 3 players): bowling (kuželky), darts (both women and men), cricket, golf, tennis, football, netball
• sports in USA: baseball (from Indians), soccer [sokr] (kopaná) (European rules), football (American rules – can touch the ball), rugby, basketball
• sports in Canada: ice hockey, winter sports (skating, skiing, sledging)
• description of volleyball: It consists of two teams each with six players. It is played on a field or a beach and you need a ball and a net. The object of the game is not to let the ball touch the ground on your side, but to attempt to make the ball hit the ground on your opponent’s side. The winner of the game is the team, which had the ball touch the ground the least amount of times on their side.
• sports on TV: CT2, Nova, Prima (football, ice hockey; sport news after main news), on satellite: DSF, Eurosport
• best known players: ice hockey (NHL: Elias, Jagr, Hasek, Dopita), tennis (Navratilova), skiing (Naumannova)
3) Physical education
• at school two lessons of PE weekly
• get in our sport suit (T-shirt, shorts and running shoes), line up for the start of the class, one of us reports to the teacher that we are ready, than stretching, warming up
• athletics, ball games, table-tennis, fitness exercising
• good weather: go out to the stadium (playing football, practicing athletics)
• sporting days at stadium
4) Sports events
• the Olympic Games
o held every 4 years, summer and winter part
o named after city in Greece, where it took place in 776 B.C.; peace kept during the competitions
o restored in Athens, 1896
o managed by the International Olympic Committee
o symbol: five different coloured circles on a white background ( = 5 continents)
• tennis tournaments: Davis Cup, Wimbledon (GB)
• horse racing: Steeple-chase (Liverpool, GB), Great Pardubian Horse Racing
• the World and European Championships and Cups, in various sports
5) Me and sports
• summer sports
• winter sports
The Human Body
The Human Body, Health and Illnesses
(benefits of good health, common diseases, civilization diseases, injuries, First Aid Procedures, alternative medical approaches, healthy lifestyle)
1) The human body
• skeleton consisting of about 200 bones
• bones connected by joints
• skin on the surface of muscles, organ of touch
• the head (brain covered with skull and the face)
o hair: cover of the scalp; dark, black, brown, blonde, white; skinhead
o forehead [forid] (čelo), cheeks (tváře)
o eyes: organs of sight; dark, brown, blue, green; corrective lens for short- or long-sighted, blind, sunglasses
o nose: organ of smell; Roman, turned-up, small etc.; breathing of oxygen in the air
o ears: organs of hearing; deaf [def] (hluchý)
o mouth: tongue – organ of taste, 32 teeth, toothbrush, lips (lipstick for girls)
o chin (brada): beard, moustache on men
• the trunk (trup)
o inside organs
o lungs (plíce): changing oxygen to carbon dioxide
o heart: pumps fresh blood into the body
o liver (játra): cleans blood; kidneys (ledviny): removes waste liquids from blood
o stomach [stomak]
• the limbs (two arms, two legs)
o arm: shoulder, upper arm, elbow (loket), forearm, wrist, hand with fingers
o fingers: thumb, forefinger, middle-finger, ring-finger, little-finger
o leg: thigh [ta:i] (stehno), knee, calf (lýtko), ankle, foot with toes
2) Illnesses
• cough, fever, headache [hedeik]
• slight illnesses (cold): treating by drinking hot tea, eating lots of fruit with vitamin C, few tablets of aspirin
• serious troubles (high fever): should go to the doctor’s, wait in waiting room, after examination doctor writes a prescription, go to the chemist’s for medicine (pills, drops, syrup, powder)
• serious ill or need to be operated: sent for treatment to the hospital
• childhood illnesses: mumps (příušnice), measles (spalničky), scarlet fever (spála), chicken-pox (plané neštovice)
• fatal diseases: cancer, heart attack, mental diseases
• toothache [tu:teik]: go to the dentist, he drills bad tooth, puts a filling in it, sometimes extract the tooth
• break an arm or a leg: go to the hospital, we are X-rayed, surgeon sets the bones in a plaster
3) First aid procedures & healthy lifestyle
• injury – “RICE”
o rest (patient shouldn’t move)
o ice (reduce blood flow)
o compress (compress injury with layer of cotton wool)
o elevate (raise injury above horizontal)
• breathing problems – “ABC”
o airway (passage between mouth, nose and throat should be open)
o breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – breathing air into patient’s lungs)
o circulation (blood should circulate from the heart around the body)
• healthy lifestyle – we shouldn’t: smoke, drink alcohol, take drugs, eat junk food
• healthy lifestyle – we should: go in for sports, harden (otužovat), take vitamins, have a rest
(benefits of good health, common diseases, civilization diseases, injuries, First Aid Procedures, alternative medical approaches, healthy lifestyle)
1) The human body
• skeleton consisting of about 200 bones
• bones connected by joints
• skin on the surface of muscles, organ of touch
• the head (brain covered with skull and the face)
o hair: cover of the scalp; dark, black, brown, blonde, white; skinhead
o forehead [forid] (čelo), cheeks (tváře)
o eyes: organs of sight; dark, brown, blue, green; corrective lens for short- or long-sighted, blind, sunglasses
o nose: organ of smell; Roman, turned-up, small etc.; breathing of oxygen in the air
o ears: organs of hearing; deaf [def] (hluchý)
o mouth: tongue – organ of taste, 32 teeth, toothbrush, lips (lipstick for girls)
o chin (brada): beard, moustache on men
• the trunk (trup)
o inside organs
o lungs (plíce): changing oxygen to carbon dioxide
o heart: pumps fresh blood into the body
o liver (játra): cleans blood; kidneys (ledviny): removes waste liquids from blood
o stomach [stomak]
• the limbs (two arms, two legs)
o arm: shoulder, upper arm, elbow (loket), forearm, wrist, hand with fingers
o fingers: thumb, forefinger, middle-finger, ring-finger, little-finger
o leg: thigh [ta:i] (stehno), knee, calf (lýtko), ankle, foot with toes
2) Illnesses
• cough, fever, headache [hedeik]
• slight illnesses (cold): treating by drinking hot tea, eating lots of fruit with vitamin C, few tablets of aspirin
• serious troubles (high fever): should go to the doctor’s, wait in waiting room, after examination doctor writes a prescription, go to the chemist’s for medicine (pills, drops, syrup, powder)
• serious ill or need to be operated: sent for treatment to the hospital
• childhood illnesses: mumps (příušnice), measles (spalničky), scarlet fever (spála), chicken-pox (plané neštovice)
• fatal diseases: cancer, heart attack, mental diseases
• toothache [tu:teik]: go to the dentist, he drills bad tooth, puts a filling in it, sometimes extract the tooth
• break an arm or a leg: go to the hospital, we are X-rayed, surgeon sets the bones in a plaster
3) First aid procedures & healthy lifestyle
• injury – “RICE”
o rest (patient shouldn’t move)
o ice (reduce blood flow)
o compress (compress injury with layer of cotton wool)
o elevate (raise injury above horizontal)
• breathing problems – “ABC”
o airway (passage between mouth, nose and throat should be open)
o breathing (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – breathing air into patient’s lungs)
o circulation (blood should circulate from the heart around the body)
• healthy lifestyle – we shouldn’t: smoke, drink alcohol, take drugs, eat junk food
• healthy lifestyle – we should: go in for sports, harden (otužovat), take vitamins, have a rest
Postal Services
Postal Services, Writing Letters, Red Letter Days
(writing letters – formal and informal style, sending letters, Internet – usage, advantages, disadvantages, holidays in our country, in the USA, in Great Britain – origin, customs)
1) Postal services
• sending letter, cable, parcel, buy stamps, send money, phone somebody
• post office in every town, almost every village
• English letters, open with “Dear”, close with “Your sincerely”, my letters in English: only e-mails
• differences in writing address (number of the house comes before the name of the street)
• write the letter, sign it, put it into an envelope, stick down the envelope, write address, place a stamp to right upper corner, drop to pillar-box
• registered letters: have to go to post office, fill in a certificate of posting, pay registration fee
• sending parcels: weight the packet parcel, fill in a form, stick a label on the parcel, pay fee
• postal services for me: necessary only parcels and sometimes registered letters
2) Internet
• transmitting information from one place to another via FTP
• since 1995 world wide web via HTTP (80%)
• multimedia documents – contains text, images, audio, video
• useful for: looking for information, shopping, banking, travelling information, search engines
• e-mail: easy, cheap, quick way to send messages
• connections: dialup, ADSL, GPRS, Wi-Fi
• real-time applications: Internet chat, web cameras and telephoning
• disadvantages: slow speed, cost in Czech Republic, viruses and worms, hackers, privacy problems
3) Red-letter days
• 1st January, New Year’s Day (resolutions for new year)
• 14th February, St. Valentine’s Day, useless romantic gifts, unsigned cards with hearts and message “Be my Valentine”
• end of March or beginning of April, Easter, boys beat girls with Easter twigs, get colourful Easter eggs, in GB children look for presents hidden in garden
• 1st April, All Fool’s Day
• 1st May, festival of working people May Day, 8th Liberation
• 1st June, international festival of children
• 4th July, independence day in the USA, 5th Cyril and Methodius, 6th John Huss burning
• 28th October, foundation of Czech Republic, 31st Halloween
• 1st November, All Saint’s Day and All Souls, 6th Guy Fawkes Day (commemorates the failed attempt, by a group of Catholic revolutionaries in the 17th century to blow up the Houses of Parliament), 17th Velvet Revolution, Student’s day, fourth Thursday Thanksgiving Day in USA
• December, Christmas, in Europe presents on the evening of the 24th (Christmas Eve), in English-speaking countries on the morning of 25th (Christmas Day), 31st New Year’s Eve (celebrations, important in Scotland – Hogmanay)
(writing letters – formal and informal style, sending letters, Internet – usage, advantages, disadvantages, holidays in our country, in the USA, in Great Britain – origin, customs)
1) Postal services
• sending letter, cable, parcel, buy stamps, send money, phone somebody
• post office in every town, almost every village
• English letters, open with “Dear”, close with “Your sincerely”, my letters in English: only e-mails
• differences in writing address (number of the house comes before the name of the street)
• write the letter, sign it, put it into an envelope, stick down the envelope, write address, place a stamp to right upper corner, drop to pillar-box
• registered letters: have to go to post office, fill in a certificate of posting, pay registration fee
• sending parcels: weight the packet parcel, fill in a form, stick a label on the parcel, pay fee
• postal services for me: necessary only parcels and sometimes registered letters
2) Internet
• transmitting information from one place to another via FTP
• since 1995 world wide web via HTTP (80%)
• multimedia documents – contains text, images, audio, video
• useful for: looking for information, shopping, banking, travelling information, search engines
• e-mail: easy, cheap, quick way to send messages
• connections: dialup, ADSL, GPRS, Wi-Fi
• real-time applications: Internet chat, web cameras and telephoning
• disadvantages: slow speed, cost in Czech Republic, viruses and worms, hackers, privacy problems
3) Red-letter days
• 1st January, New Year’s Day (resolutions for new year)
• 14th February, St. Valentine’s Day, useless romantic gifts, unsigned cards with hearts and message “Be my Valentine”
• end of March or beginning of April, Easter, boys beat girls with Easter twigs, get colourful Easter eggs, in GB children look for presents hidden in garden
• 1st April, All Fool’s Day
• 1st May, festival of working people May Day, 8th Liberation
• 1st June, international festival of children
• 4th July, independence day in the USA, 5th Cyril and Methodius, 6th John Huss burning
• 28th October, foundation of Czech Republic, 31st Halloween
• 1st November, All Saint’s Day and All Souls, 6th Guy Fawkes Day (commemorates the failed attempt, by a group of Catholic revolutionaries in the 17th century to blow up the Houses of Parliament), 17th Velvet Revolution, Student’s day, fourth Thursday Thanksgiving Day in USA
• December, Christmas, in Europe presents on the evening of the 24th (Christmas Eve), in English-speaking countries on the morning of 25th (Christmas Day), 31st New Year’s Eve (celebrations, important in Scotland – Hogmanay)
Weather, Seasons
(weather forecast, comparing the seasons, typical weather conditions in our country, weather in Great Britain, problems caused by bad weather, global warming, greenhouse effect)
1) Seasons
• spring: nature returns to life, vegetation grows (sunshine, rain, rainbow)
• summer: hot weather, best season because of holidays, students can: go for walks or trips, bathe in river or swimming pool, get a suntan, go in for sports, take part in some paid work
• autumn: leaves turn yellow and red and fall to the ground, birds migrate to south, windy and chilly days
• winter: weather is cold, often freezes, snows, children throw snowballs, build snowmen, sledge, ski or skate
2) Weather in Great Britain
• very changeable, rains a lot, sun often shines
• average temperature of 5 degrees in winter, doesn’t go above 30 degrees in summer
• days long in summer, short in winter
• sometimes fog (not so often as foreigners think)
• tomorrow’s weather unknown
• English summer: three fine days and thunderstorm
• climate influenced by the Gulf Stream
• pastures and meadows green and fresh all over the year (cattle and sheep can be outside even in winter)
• snow in southern parts very rare, causes calamity
• annual rainfall over one meter
• short sunlight (in north 5 hours daily in summer, half an hour daily in winter)
3) Weather in Czech Republic
• continental type of climate
• warm summer, temperatures from 25 to 30 degrees, up to 35 degrees
• cold winter, temperatures from 5 to 10 below freezing point, sometimes is even –20 degrees
• average temperature 10 degrees
4) Greenhouse effect and problems
• the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which traps solar radiation
• atmospheric emission, i. e. carbon dioxide (burning fossil fuels), nitrogen oxides (car exhaust), CFCs (freons)
• rise in the Earth’s temperature, melting of arctic ice, flooding
• ozone on the ground level (diseases, asthma, corrosion of certain materials)
• ozone in the upper atmosphere (protection from ultraviolet rays, skin cancer, ozone hole over Antarctica)
• problems caused by bad weather: hurricanes, floods, snow calamites, drought (sucho)
1) Seasons
• spring: nature returns to life, vegetation grows (sunshine, rain, rainbow)
• summer: hot weather, best season because of holidays, students can: go for walks or trips, bathe in river or swimming pool, get a suntan, go in for sports, take part in some paid work
• autumn: leaves turn yellow and red and fall to the ground, birds migrate to south, windy and chilly days
• winter: weather is cold, often freezes, snows, children throw snowballs, build snowmen, sledge, ski or skate
2) Weather in Great Britain
• very changeable, rains a lot, sun often shines
• average temperature of 5 degrees in winter, doesn’t go above 30 degrees in summer
• days long in summer, short in winter
• sometimes fog (not so often as foreigners think)
• tomorrow’s weather unknown
• English summer: three fine days and thunderstorm
• climate influenced by the Gulf Stream
• pastures and meadows green and fresh all over the year (cattle and sheep can be outside even in winter)
• snow in southern parts very rare, causes calamity
• annual rainfall over one meter
• short sunlight (in north 5 hours daily in summer, half an hour daily in winter)
3) Weather in Czech Republic
• continental type of climate
• warm summer, temperatures from 25 to 30 degrees, up to 35 degrees
• cold winter, temperatures from 5 to 10 below freezing point, sometimes is even –20 degrees
• average temperature 10 degrees
4) Greenhouse effect and problems
• the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which traps solar radiation
• atmospheric emission, i. e. carbon dioxide (burning fossil fuels), nitrogen oxides (car exhaust), CFCs (freons)
• rise in the Earth’s temperature, melting of arctic ice, flooding
• ozone on the ground level (diseases, asthma, corrosion of certain materials)
• ozone in the upper atmosphere (protection from ultraviolet rays, skin cancer, ozone hole over Antarctica)
• problems caused by bad weather: hurricanes, floods, snow calamites, drought (sucho)
Great Britain
(history, geographical features, system of government, lifestyle, regions, sights, industries)
1) Great Britain
• official title for union of England, Scotland and Wales (with Northern Ireland creates the United Kingdom, together with Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other territories the Commonwealth of Nations)
• on British Isles [a:ils]: largest Great Britain and Ireland, smaller Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkneys, Shetlands, Channel Islands (near French coast)
• four parts: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
• highest peak Ben Nevis in Scotland, 1342m high
• rivers Severn, Thames (England), Clyde (Scotland)
• unstable weather, rain common throughout the year, autumn especially unpleasant (rainy, foggy, windy), winter mild, doesn’t snow much; mild climate due to Gulf stream
• population: 58 million, said to be conservative
• currency: pound, flag: “Union Jack”, anthem God Save the Queen
• Englishmen like animals, small houses (made of bricks), old traditions and habits
• best known newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mirror
• two big parties: Conservatives, Labour Party
• constitutional monarchy, Queen Elizabeth II. since 1953
• Parliament has two houses: the House of Lords (hereditary for life), the House of Commons (63, elections every 5 years), the Prime Minister (Tony Blaire)
2) England and its important places
• London, capital
• Oxford and Cambridge, university towns, rowing challenge every year
• Canterbury, seat of the Archbishop, magnificent cathedral, pilgrims in the Middle Ages, known from Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
• York, residence of the Archbishop of the Anglican Church, cathedral York Minster
• Winchester, Winchester cathedral from 7th century
• Stonehenge, historical monument with giant stone circles, more than 3000 years old, purpose unknown, probably religious and astronomical
• Plymouth, ship port, in 1620 a group of puritans escaped from there in a ship called Mayflower to America
• Stratford upon Avon, 2nd most visited town in England, Shakespeare’s birthplace
• Liverpool, the city of Beatles
• the Lake District, national park since 1951, lakes, i. e. Windermere (16km long, 70km wide)
• Birmingham, geographical heart of England, 2nd largest, industry (iron ore, coal), the National Exhibition Center for fairs
• Manchester, coal mining and engineering, textile industries producing woolen textiles called manchester
3) Scotland and its important places
• Scottish – playing bagpipes, wearing Scottish skirts
• Glasgow, largest in Scotland, big steelwork, shipyard, International Jazz Festival
• Edinburgh, capital, Festival of Music and Drama, birthplace of Walter Scott
• lakes in Scotland are called lochs
• Loch Ness, famous since 1933 because of the Loch Ness monster Nessie
1) Great Britain
• official title for union of England, Scotland and Wales (with Northern Ireland creates the United Kingdom, together with Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other territories the Commonwealth of Nations)
• on British Isles [a:ils]: largest Great Britain and Ireland, smaller Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkneys, Shetlands, Channel Islands (near French coast)
• four parts: England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
• highest peak Ben Nevis in Scotland, 1342m high
• rivers Severn, Thames (England), Clyde (Scotland)
• unstable weather, rain common throughout the year, autumn especially unpleasant (rainy, foggy, windy), winter mild, doesn’t snow much; mild climate due to Gulf stream
• population: 58 million, said to be conservative
• currency: pound, flag: “Union Jack”, anthem God Save the Queen
• Englishmen like animals, small houses (made of bricks), old traditions and habits
• best known newspapers: The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mirror
• two big parties: Conservatives, Labour Party
• constitutional monarchy, Queen Elizabeth II. since 1953
• Parliament has two houses: the House of Lords (hereditary for life), the House of Commons (63, elections every 5 years), the Prime Minister (Tony Blaire)
2) England and its important places
• London, capital
• Oxford and Cambridge, university towns, rowing challenge every year
• Canterbury, seat of the Archbishop, magnificent cathedral, pilgrims in the Middle Ages, known from Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales
• York, residence of the Archbishop of the Anglican Church, cathedral York Minster
• Winchester, Winchester cathedral from 7th century
• Stonehenge, historical monument with giant stone circles, more than 3000 years old, purpose unknown, probably religious and astronomical
• Plymouth, ship port, in 1620 a group of puritans escaped from there in a ship called Mayflower to America
• Stratford upon Avon, 2nd most visited town in England, Shakespeare’s birthplace
• Liverpool, the city of Beatles
• the Lake District, national park since 1951, lakes, i. e. Windermere (16km long, 70km wide)
• Birmingham, geographical heart of England, 2nd largest, industry (iron ore, coal), the National Exhibition Center for fairs
• Manchester, coal mining and engineering, textile industries producing woolen textiles called manchester
3) Scotland and its important places
• Scottish – playing bagpipes, wearing Scottish skirts
• Glasgow, largest in Scotland, big steelwork, shipyard, International Jazz Festival
• Edinburgh, capital, Festival of Music and Drama, birthplace of Walter Scott
• lakes in Scotland are called lochs
• Loch Ness, famous since 1933 because of the Loch Ness monster Nessie
London
(history of the city, well-known sights, museums and galleries, parks, theatres, industries)
1) London
• capital of both England and the United Kingdom
• lies on the river Thames
• 7 million people
• 2 thousand years old, 1665 plague, 1666 great fire (80% of city destroyed), Millennium Circle
• the seat of the Monarch, the Parliament, the Government, the Supreme Court
• the Prime Meridian of the World runs across Greenwich in the east London
• 5 airports (largest Heathrow), underground (called tube, oldest in the world), red double decker buses, black old taxis, ships and boats
• parts of London: the City of London (oldest), the East End (many new immigrants, home of working people), the West End (shops, theatres, banks, residential areas, parks)
2) Important places
• the Tower of London, William the Conqueror began to build the White Tower (royal home, prison, execution site, observatory), now museum (arsenal weapons, the Crown Jewels)
• Tower Bridge, most famous bridge in London, can be raised in middle
• St. Paul’s Cathedral, built by Christopher Wren, Whispering Gallery with interesting acoustic
• the Houses of Parliament, political centre of the UK, home of British Parliament, divided into House of Commons and House of Lords
• Big Ben, bells in the tower clock of the Houses of Parliament, its strike used by BBC as a time signal
• Westminster Abbey, church, where monarchs are crowned and heroes buried, the Poet’s Corner (Shakespeare, Milton, Chaucer)
• Whitehall, lined with Government along both sides, Headquarters of the Royal Horse Guard, changing of the Guard
• Downing Street, no. 10 home of Prime Minister
• Buckingham Palace, home of the kings and queens, in front the Queen Victoria Monument
• Trafalgar Square with Nelson’s Column, largest square in London
• National Gallery, on side of Trafalgar Square, exhibition of paintings
• Piccadilly Circus, centre of entertainment (night clubs, theatres, cinemas, restaurants)
• Hyde Park with Speaker’s Corner, everybody can speak here publicly without fear of being arrested
• Regent’s Park with a ZOO, rich collection of animals
• Baker Street, home of Sherlock Holmes
• London Dungeon, medieval horror museum
• Madame Tussaud’s, museum of wax portraits of famous world figures
• Oxford street, shopping facilities, Harrods, Marks & Spencer
1) London
• capital of both England and the United Kingdom
• lies on the river Thames
• 7 million people
• 2 thousand years old, 1665 plague, 1666 great fire (80% of city destroyed), Millennium Circle
• the seat of the Monarch, the Parliament, the Government, the Supreme Court
• the Prime Meridian of the World runs across Greenwich in the east London
• 5 airports (largest Heathrow), underground (called tube, oldest in the world), red double decker buses, black old taxis, ships and boats
• parts of London: the City of London (oldest), the East End (many new immigrants, home of working people), the West End (shops, theatres, banks, residential areas, parks)
2) Important places
• the Tower of London, William the Conqueror began to build the White Tower (royal home, prison, execution site, observatory), now museum (arsenal weapons, the Crown Jewels)
• Tower Bridge, most famous bridge in London, can be raised in middle
• St. Paul’s Cathedral, built by Christopher Wren, Whispering Gallery with interesting acoustic
• the Houses of Parliament, political centre of the UK, home of British Parliament, divided into House of Commons and House of Lords
• Big Ben, bells in the tower clock of the Houses of Parliament, its strike used by BBC as a time signal
• Westminster Abbey, church, where monarchs are crowned and heroes buried, the Poet’s Corner (Shakespeare, Milton, Chaucer)
• Whitehall, lined with Government along both sides, Headquarters of the Royal Horse Guard, changing of the Guard
• Downing Street, no. 10 home of Prime Minister
• Buckingham Palace, home of the kings and queens, in front the Queen Victoria Monument
• Trafalgar Square with Nelson’s Column, largest square in London
• National Gallery, on side of Trafalgar Square, exhibition of paintings
• Piccadilly Circus, centre of entertainment (night clubs, theatres, cinemas, restaurants)
• Hyde Park with Speaker’s Corner, everybody can speak here publicly without fear of being arrested
• Regent’s Park with a ZOO, rich collection of animals
• Baker Street, home of Sherlock Holmes
• London Dungeon, medieval horror museum
• Madame Tussaud’s, museum of wax portraits of famous world figures
• Oxford street, shopping facilities, Harrods, Marks & Spencer
The United States of America
(history, geographical features, system of government, lifestyle, regions, sights, industries)
1) The USA
• 4th largest country of the world
• border on Mexico, Canada, Atlantic and Pacific oceans
• part of USA – Alaska, Hawaiian Islands
• population over 250 million
• head of state – president George Bush jr., federation of 50 states
• currency US Dollar
• flag: blue oblong with 50 stars and white oblong with red stripes
• leading position in industrial production (transportation equipment, food products, chemicals, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, textile etc.) and agricultural production (wheat, soya beans, oats, potatoes, cotton, tobacco etc.)
• discovered on 12th October 1492 by Christopher Columbus
• settlement started in 1620
• 18th century the Movement for Independence (George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson)
• 19th century the Civil War (Abraham Lincoln)
2) Nature
• eastern region: Appalachians
• western region: Cordilleras (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin with Death Valley, Colorado Plateau with Grand Canyon)
• Great Californian Valley surrounded by Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Coast Range
• highest peak – Mt. McKinley in Alaska
• rivers Mississippi, Missouri, Hudson (connected to Great Lakes), Colorado, Columbia, Rio Grande, Yukon
• Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Michigan (border with Canada, Michigan belongs only to USA)
• the Grand Canyon, rock valley 350km long, 6 to 29km wide, up to 1.7km deep
• Yellowstone National Park, in the Rocky Mountains, largest and oldest nature reserve in the USA
3) Cities
• Washington D. C., capital of the USA, building of Capitol (the Senate Wing, the House of Representatives Wing) – houses the US Congress; Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, The Pentagon, The White House
• New York, largest city, industrial port; five parts (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, Richmond); financial center Wall Street; large number of skyscrapers, the Statue of Liberty, WTC destroyed by terrorist attack, the Empire State Building
• Los Angels, 2nd largest, known for Hollywood (center of film industry), Beverly Hills; each year American Film Academy awards Oscars, center of crime, university Caltech, Disneyland
• San Francisco, one of the cleanest cities, Golden Gate Bridge
• New Orleans, the city where jazz was born
• Houston, famous for NASA base (National Army Space Academy)
• Florida, tourist area, long beaches on Miami
• Philadelphia, place where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed
• Chicago, first skyscraper in the world, the highest skyscraper is Sears Tower (almost half kilometer high), gangsters’ city during prohibition (Al Capone)
• Detroit, center of US car industry (Ford, Chrysler, General Motors, Chevrolet, Cadillac)
• Dallas, oil industry, John F. Kennedy was killed there, TV serial Dallas
• Boston, often called Cradle of Liberty, known for Boston Tea Party in 1775
• Cambridge, seat of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Plymouth, first pilgrims settled there in 1620
• Princeton, seat of Princeton University where Albert Einstein gave his lectures
1) The USA
• 4th largest country of the world
• border on Mexico, Canada, Atlantic and Pacific oceans
• part of USA – Alaska, Hawaiian Islands
• population over 250 million
• head of state – president George Bush jr., federation of 50 states
• currency US Dollar
• flag: blue oblong with 50 stars and white oblong with red stripes
• leading position in industrial production (transportation equipment, food products, chemicals, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, textile etc.) and agricultural production (wheat, soya beans, oats, potatoes, cotton, tobacco etc.)
• discovered on 12th October 1492 by Christopher Columbus
• settlement started in 1620
• 18th century the Movement for Independence (George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson)
• 19th century the Civil War (Abraham Lincoln)
2) Nature
• eastern region: Appalachians
• western region: Cordilleras (Rocky Mountains, Great Basin with Death Valley, Colorado Plateau with Grand Canyon)
• Great Californian Valley surrounded by Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Coast Range
• highest peak – Mt. McKinley in Alaska
• rivers Mississippi, Missouri, Hudson (connected to Great Lakes), Colorado, Columbia, Rio Grande, Yukon
• Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Michigan (border with Canada, Michigan belongs only to USA)
• the Grand Canyon, rock valley 350km long, 6 to 29km wide, up to 1.7km deep
• Yellowstone National Park, in the Rocky Mountains, largest and oldest nature reserve in the USA
3) Cities
• Washington D. C., capital of the USA, building of Capitol (the Senate Wing, the House of Representatives Wing) – houses the US Congress; Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, The Pentagon, The White House
• New York, largest city, industrial port; five parts (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx, Richmond); financial center Wall Street; large number of skyscrapers, the Statue of Liberty, WTC destroyed by terrorist attack, the Empire State Building
• Los Angels, 2nd largest, known for Hollywood (center of film industry), Beverly Hills; each year American Film Academy awards Oscars, center of crime, university Caltech, Disneyland
• San Francisco, one of the cleanest cities, Golden Gate Bridge
• New Orleans, the city where jazz was born
• Houston, famous for NASA base (National Army Space Academy)
• Florida, tourist area, long beaches on Miami
• Philadelphia, place where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were signed
• Chicago, first skyscraper in the world, the highest skyscraper is Sears Tower (almost half kilometer high), gangsters’ city during prohibition (Al Capone)
• Detroit, center of US car industry (Ford, Chrysler, General Motors, Chevrolet, Cadillac)
• Dallas, oil industry, John F. Kennedy was killed there, TV serial Dallas
• Boston, often called Cradle of Liberty, known for Boston Tea Party in 1775
• Cambridge, seat of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Plymouth, first pilgrims settled there in 1620
• Princeton, seat of Princeton University where Albert Einstein gave his lectures
Canada
(history, geographical features, system of government, lifestyle, regions, sights, industries)
1) Canada
• dominion of the UK
• federal state, 10 provinces, federal parliament
• capital Ottawa, cities Toronto, Quebec, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg
• borders only on the USA (Alaska in the north)
• population of 27 million, density only 2-3 people per square kilometer, 2nd largest after Russia, 10 mil. sq. kilometers
• 185 thousand Indians, 20 thousand Eskimos
• modern history started by John Cabot 500 years ago
• French colony (New France), then English colony
• now a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations (also United Nations and Organization of American States)
• continental climate, in the north arctic
• languages: English and French
• mineral resources: gold, ores, oil, natural gas
• flag: maple leaf red and white
• currency: Canadian dollar
2) Nature
• mountain range the Cordilleras (Rocky Mountains, Mackenzie Mountains, Melville Hills)
• prairies suitable for wheat growing
• rivers: Mackenzie, Yukon, Fraser, Columbia, St. Lawrence River
• Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Michigan (border with the USA, Michigan belongs only to USA)
• Niagara Falls between Lake Erie and Ontario, 49 meters high
• other lakes: Lake of Wood, Great Slave Lake, Great Bear Lake
3) Provinces
• maritime provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, New Foundland
• central provinces: Quebec (French language), Ontario
• prairie provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• British Columbia in the west
• territories: Yukon, North-West
4) Industry and agriculture
• machine building industry (Hamilton)
• ships (Montreal, Toronto), cars (Ottawa)
• petrochemical industry, consumer industry, forestry
• agricultural products: tobacco, fruits, vegetables, oats, wheat
1) Canada
• dominion of the UK
• federal state, 10 provinces, federal parliament
• capital Ottawa, cities Toronto, Quebec, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg
• borders only on the USA (Alaska in the north)
• population of 27 million, density only 2-3 people per square kilometer, 2nd largest after Russia, 10 mil. sq. kilometers
• 185 thousand Indians, 20 thousand Eskimos
• modern history started by John Cabot 500 years ago
• French colony (New France), then English colony
• now a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations (also United Nations and Organization of American States)
• continental climate, in the north arctic
• languages: English and French
• mineral resources: gold, ores, oil, natural gas
• flag: maple leaf red and white
• currency: Canadian dollar
2) Nature
• mountain range the Cordilleras (Rocky Mountains, Mackenzie Mountains, Melville Hills)
• prairies suitable for wheat growing
• rivers: Mackenzie, Yukon, Fraser, Columbia, St. Lawrence River
• Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario, Michigan (border with the USA, Michigan belongs only to USA)
• Niagara Falls between Lake Erie and Ontario, 49 meters high
• other lakes: Lake of Wood, Great Slave Lake, Great Bear Lake
3) Provinces
• maritime provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, New Foundland
• central provinces: Quebec (French language), Ontario
• prairie provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
• British Columbia in the west
• territories: Yukon, North-West
4) Industry and agriculture
• machine building industry (Hamilton)
• ships (Montreal, Toronto), cars (Ottawa)
• petrochemical industry, consumer industry, forestry
• agricultural products: tobacco, fruits, vegetables, oats, wheat
The Czech Republic
(history, geographical features, system of government, regions, industries, nature, protected areas, holiday destinations, landmarks)
1) The Czech Republic
• situated in Central Europe, the heart of Europe, inland country
• formed an 1st January 1993 after splitting of Czechoslovakia
• borders on Poland, Germany, Austria, Slovakia
• area over 78 thousand square kilometers
• population over 10 million
• currency is Czech crown
• capital is Prague
2) History
• inhabited by Slavonic tribes since the 5th century A. D.
• first Slavonic state – Samo’s Empire, founded 623
• Great Moravian Empire, than Premyslid family
• during the reign of Charles IV. center of Holy Roman Empire
• Hussite movement, John Huss
• Hapsburg dynasty, liquidation of Czech literature, culture
• after World War I. in 1918 the Czechoslovak Republic established
• during World War II. German occupation
• “Prague spring” in 1968 – invasion of the Soviet army and normalization
• velvet revolution in 1989
• splitting Czechoslovakia into the Czech and Slovak Republics in 1993
3) Political system
• The President – representative person, chief of the Armed Forces
• Parliament, the legislative branch, consists of the winning parts, down house – The Senate
• Government, the executive power, consists of deputies, winners in election district
• The Supreme Court, the judicial branch, seat in Brno
4) Nature
• mountain ranges (the): Ore Mountains, Sumava range, Giant Mountains (highest peak – Snezka 1602m), Jizerske Mountains, Little Carpathian
• rivers: Elbe, Morava, Oder; dams: Lipno, Orlik, Slapy
5) Industry
• heavy – metallurgy (Ostrava, Kladno), engineering (Praha, Brno, Plzen), electrical engineering, precision engineering, car industry (Mlada Boleslav), chemical industry (Litvinov, Neratovice)
• light – textile industry (Klatovy, Liberec, Pisek, Prostejov), clothing industry (Praha), shoe making industry (Zlin), food industry (Olomouc, Plzen)
6) Important places
• spas: Karlovy Vary, Frantiskovy Lazne, Janske Lazne, Luhacovice
• castles: Karlstejn, Bitov, Hluboka nad Vltavou, Lednice, Pernstejn
• Brno – trade fairs (International Engineering trade Fair, Invex, Gaudeamus), engineering (locomotives, turbines), electronic industry (TV sets, washing machines, fridges)
• Plzen – Skoda engineering works, beer production (Plsner Urquell, Gambrinus)
• Kladno – metallurgical works (Poldi Kladno)
• Zlin – footwear industry, rubber industry
• Jablonec – fashion jewellery, Liaz automobile works
• Usti nad Labem – chemical works
• Olomouc – Moravska ironworks
• Znojmo – food industry
• Pardubice – food industry (gingerbread), electrical engineering
1) The Czech Republic
• situated in Central Europe, the heart of Europe, inland country
• formed an 1st January 1993 after splitting of Czechoslovakia
• borders on Poland, Germany, Austria, Slovakia
• area over 78 thousand square kilometers
• population over 10 million
• currency is Czech crown
• capital is Prague
2) History
• inhabited by Slavonic tribes since the 5th century A. D.
• first Slavonic state – Samo’s Empire, founded 623
• Great Moravian Empire, than Premyslid family
• during the reign of Charles IV. center of Holy Roman Empire
• Hussite movement, John Huss
• Hapsburg dynasty, liquidation of Czech literature, culture
• after World War I. in 1918 the Czechoslovak Republic established
• during World War II. German occupation
• “Prague spring” in 1968 – invasion of the Soviet army and normalization
• velvet revolution in 1989
• splitting Czechoslovakia into the Czech and Slovak Republics in 1993
3) Political system
• The President – representative person, chief of the Armed Forces
• Parliament, the legislative branch, consists of the winning parts, down house – The Senate
• Government, the executive power, consists of deputies, winners in election district
• The Supreme Court, the judicial branch, seat in Brno
4) Nature
• mountain ranges (the): Ore Mountains, Sumava range, Giant Mountains (highest peak – Snezka 1602m), Jizerske Mountains, Little Carpathian
• rivers: Elbe, Morava, Oder; dams: Lipno, Orlik, Slapy
5) Industry
• heavy – metallurgy (Ostrava, Kladno), engineering (Praha, Brno, Plzen), electrical engineering, precision engineering, car industry (Mlada Boleslav), chemical industry (Litvinov, Neratovice)
• light – textile industry (Klatovy, Liberec, Pisek, Prostejov), clothing industry (Praha), shoe making industry (Zlin), food industry (Olomouc, Plzen)
6) Important places
• spas: Karlovy Vary, Frantiskovy Lazne, Janske Lazne, Luhacovice
• castles: Karlstejn, Bitov, Hluboka nad Vltavou, Lednice, Pernstejn
• Brno – trade fairs (International Engineering trade Fair, Invex, Gaudeamus), engineering (locomotives, turbines), electronic industry (TV sets, washing machines, fridges)
• Plzen – Skoda engineering works, beer production (Plsner Urquell, Gambrinus)
• Kladno – metallurgical works (Poldi Kladno)
• Zlin – footwear industry, rubber industry
• Jablonec – fashion jewellery, Liaz automobile works
• Usti nad Labem – chemical works
• Olomouc – Moravska ironworks
• Znojmo – food industry
• Pardubice – food industry (gingerbread), electrical engineering
William Shakespeare
(life, works: tragedies, comedies, historical plays, Shakespeare’s language, attitude to info, theatre)
1) Biography
• born on 23rd April, 1564, at Stratford-upon-Avon, father glove-maker [glav-]
• attended local grammar school
• origin of his great love to nature – nature around his birthplace
• in 18 years married 8 years older Ann Hathaway from nearby village, already pregnant
• daughter Susan, then twins Hamnet and Judith (Hemnet when he was 11 > tragedy Hamlet)
• 4 years after marriage left for London
• rewriting and editing old plays, then writing his own plays, plays woman roles
• bought the Globe Theatre with other members of King’s Men group of actors, set on fire, then without roof
• next 20 years he wrote 37 comedies, tragedies, tragicomedies and historical plays, 2 poems and 157 sonnets
• moved back to Stratford to his family, was rich, bought fine house – New Place
• died on 23rd April, 1616, after birthday celebration
• stone statue at Trinity Church in Startford with real pen (have to be renewed from time to time)
• Stratford-upon-Avon has 20 thousand inhabitants + 250 thousand tourists every year, offers houses with bed and breakfast or hotels (the most expansive with rooms named after Shakespeare’s plays)
• Shakespeare Royal Company, plays during the whole year (from birth to death)
• vocabulary: about 25 thousand words – the largest known in the world
2) Works
• tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth
• comedies: The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Taming of the Shrew, As you like it, Comedy of Errors, Measure for Measure, A Midsummer Night’s Dream
• historical plays: Richard II., Richard III., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., Henry VIII., Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra
3) Romeo and Juliet
This famous tragedy is about the unhappy love and death of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. They were the only children of two powerful clans of Verona. These Houses of Montague and of Capulet hated each other.
Romeo fell in love with Juliet when he was 16 and she was 14. They got married in secret because their families not only hated but fought one another too and their parents did not allow them to become husband and wife in any case.
In a quarrel, a few days after wedding, Romeo unfortunately killed one of Juliet’s cousins Tybalt. Prince of Verona sent Romeo to the exile outside Verona. Juliet’s parents didn’t know about secret wedding of their daughter and that’s why they wished her to marry a rich nobleman called Paris. To escape this, Juliet took a drug which made her fallen into such a deep sleep that people thought her to be dead.
In the same time Romeo wanted to come secretly to Verona and take Juliet away with him. But he found his loved beauty in her deep sleep and he believed Juliet to be dead. That’s why he poisoned himself.
When Juliet awoke and saw her husband’s dead body, she killed herself too. Over the death children their parents made peace but too late for their children.
4) The Merchant of Venice
Bassanio wanted to marry his beloved Portia. However he did not have enough money. He asked his friend Antonio – a Venetian merchant but he didn’t have money too. Antonio knew the Jew Shylock and he borrowed money from him because he was the best known money-lender. Shylock promised to lend this money but on one condition. If Antonio can’t pay the sum back by a certain date, Shylock will get a pound of his flesh. Antonio was a rich man and he owned big ships but far in the sea. He wasn’t afraid of Shylock condition and he agreed, signed contract and waited for his ships. But ships were lost at the sea and Antonio couldn’t pay this debt. Shylock hated Antonio because he often spoke against Jews and that’s why he asked at the court the pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. At the last moment clever Portia thought of an excellent plan to save Antonio from death. She changed her clothes into those of the judge and she came at the court dressed as a lawyer. She agreed Shylock to take a pound of Antonio’s flesh but not a drop of his blood.
1) Biography
• born on 23rd April, 1564, at Stratford-upon-Avon, father glove-maker [glav-]
• attended local grammar school
• origin of his great love to nature – nature around his birthplace
• in 18 years married 8 years older Ann Hathaway from nearby village, already pregnant
• daughter Susan, then twins Hamnet and Judith (Hemnet when he was 11 > tragedy Hamlet)
• 4 years after marriage left for London
• rewriting and editing old plays, then writing his own plays, plays woman roles
• bought the Globe Theatre with other members of King’s Men group of actors, set on fire, then without roof
• next 20 years he wrote 37 comedies, tragedies, tragicomedies and historical plays, 2 poems and 157 sonnets
• moved back to Stratford to his family, was rich, bought fine house – New Place
• died on 23rd April, 1616, after birthday celebration
• stone statue at Trinity Church in Startford with real pen (have to be renewed from time to time)
• Stratford-upon-Avon has 20 thousand inhabitants + 250 thousand tourists every year, offers houses with bed and breakfast or hotels (the most expansive with rooms named after Shakespeare’s plays)
• Shakespeare Royal Company, plays during the whole year (from birth to death)
• vocabulary: about 25 thousand words – the largest known in the world
2) Works
• tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth
• comedies: The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Taming of the Shrew, As you like it, Comedy of Errors, Measure for Measure, A Midsummer Night’s Dream
• historical plays: Richard II., Richard III., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., Henry VIII., Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra
3) Romeo and Juliet
This famous tragedy is about the unhappy love and death of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. They were the only children of two powerful clans of Verona. These Houses of Montague and of Capulet hated each other.
Romeo fell in love with Juliet when he was 16 and she was 14. They got married in secret because their families not only hated but fought one another too and their parents did not allow them to become husband and wife in any case.
In a quarrel, a few days after wedding, Romeo unfortunately killed one of Juliet’s cousins Tybalt. Prince of Verona sent Romeo to the exile outside Verona. Juliet’s parents didn’t know about secret wedding of their daughter and that’s why they wished her to marry a rich nobleman called Paris. To escape this, Juliet took a drug which made her fallen into such a deep sleep that people thought her to be dead.
In the same time Romeo wanted to come secretly to Verona and take Juliet away with him. But he found his loved beauty in her deep sleep and he believed Juliet to be dead. That’s why he poisoned himself.
When Juliet awoke and saw her husband’s dead body, she killed herself too. Over the death children their parents made peace but too late for their children.
4) The Merchant of Venice
Bassanio wanted to marry his beloved Portia. However he did not have enough money. He asked his friend Antonio – a Venetian merchant but he didn’t have money too. Antonio knew the Jew Shylock and he borrowed money from him because he was the best known money-lender. Shylock promised to lend this money but on one condition. If Antonio can’t pay the sum back by a certain date, Shylock will get a pound of his flesh. Antonio was a rich man and he owned big ships but far in the sea. He wasn’t afraid of Shylock condition and he agreed, signed contract and waited for his ships. But ships were lost at the sea and Antonio couldn’t pay this debt. Shylock hated Antonio because he often spoke against Jews and that’s why he asked at the court the pound of flesh from Antonio’s body. At the last moment clever Portia thought of an excellent plan to save Antonio from death. She changed her clothes into those of the judge and she came at the court dressed as a lawyer. She agreed Shylock to take a pound of Antonio’s flesh but not a drop of his blood.
Ernest Hemingway
(life, “the Lost Generation”, works: novels, short stories, plots and characters, style)
1) Biography
• born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, USA; 4 sisters, 1 brother
• travelled all his life, lived in USA, Cuba and Paris
• in childhood dressed like a girl, in adult age hated his mother
• loved fishing, canoeing, bullfighting (in Spain), hunting (in Africa)
• as a student very good in English grammar, wrote for school magazine
• refused to join army in World War I. because of bad left eye, served in a Red Cross hospital unit in Italy, injured
• moved to Chicago, started writing for The Toronto Star, married Hadley, moved to Paris, Canada
• had son, wrote The Sun Also Rises, divorced, married Pauline
• wrote Farewell to Arms, met Martha, moved to Spain, worked as a war correspondent during Spanish Civil War
• wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, married Martha
• secret agent of USA during World War II., started drinking
• married Mary in Cuba, wrote The Old Man and the Sea
• won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954
• committed suicide in 1961 because of depression, shot himself to the head, drunken
• belonged to the group of writers and artists called “the Lost Generation”, because of war, expecting another, worse catastrophe
• good narrator, characteristic frequent monologues, short sentences
• brave characters, not always survive, but live their lives to the fullest
2) Works
• best novels For whom the bell tolls, Farewell to arms
• Nobel’s price for the short story The old man and the sea
• another works: The fifth column, The green hills in Africa etc.
3) For whom the bell tolls
For whom the bell tolls is a psychological picture of the Spanish Civil War. The Main character of this novel is Robert Jordan. He is a capable American who comes to the guerrilla group to help them to destroy a strategically important bridge. Here he meets a girl, Mary, and falls in love with her. Robert finds he is nothing alone and death means nothing. The fourth day Robert succeeds in blowing the bridge up but he is badly hurt and cannot go on with the group. He knows he is going to die. In the end he realised what a beautiful place the world really is and how much it is worth fighting for.
4) The old man and the sea
The setting of this novel is Cuba, the city of Havana and later on the sea in the Gulf of Mexico. The action covers a very short period of time.
The idea was abidingness of human life and its timeless calling: man can be destroyed but not defeated. The author pointed out the human dependence on nature and the mutual permanent struggle between the two. According to Hemingway it is not possible to gain mastery over nature.
All this is symbolized by the positions of the little bay and the old man, the gap between generations, the search and discovery for something new. Man carries victory hidden inside him.
The action concerns an old Cuban [kju:bn] fisherman who went out to sea to catch the fish. Manoli is the boy who used to go with him as his helper. For forty days they had no luck, they did not catch even a single fish. For this reason the boy’s parents forbade him to go to the sea with the old man anymore. Santiago had to catch fish on his own.
One day he recognized that it is exactly eighty-four days since he last caught a fish. He went fishing. Suddenly something bit. It was a big fish that dragged the old man along the sea with it for several days. But Santiago won.
On the way home, sharks swam by the ship several times and ate the fish. Only a skeleton of the big fish remained. The boy was sad at the bad luck of his friend so he decided to join him at sea again.
1) Biography
• born in 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois, USA; 4 sisters, 1 brother
• travelled all his life, lived in USA, Cuba and Paris
• in childhood dressed like a girl, in adult age hated his mother
• loved fishing, canoeing, bullfighting (in Spain), hunting (in Africa)
• as a student very good in English grammar, wrote for school magazine
• refused to join army in World War I. because of bad left eye, served in a Red Cross hospital unit in Italy, injured
• moved to Chicago, started writing for The Toronto Star, married Hadley, moved to Paris, Canada
• had son, wrote The Sun Also Rises, divorced, married Pauline
• wrote Farewell to Arms, met Martha, moved to Spain, worked as a war correspondent during Spanish Civil War
• wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, married Martha
• secret agent of USA during World War II., started drinking
• married Mary in Cuba, wrote The Old Man and the Sea
• won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954
• committed suicide in 1961 because of depression, shot himself to the head, drunken
• belonged to the group of writers and artists called “the Lost Generation”, because of war, expecting another, worse catastrophe
• good narrator, characteristic frequent monologues, short sentences
• brave characters, not always survive, but live their lives to the fullest
2) Works
• best novels For whom the bell tolls, Farewell to arms
• Nobel’s price for the short story The old man and the sea
• another works: The fifth column, The green hills in Africa etc.
3) For whom the bell tolls
For whom the bell tolls is a psychological picture of the Spanish Civil War. The Main character of this novel is Robert Jordan. He is a capable American who comes to the guerrilla group to help them to destroy a strategically important bridge. Here he meets a girl, Mary, and falls in love with her. Robert finds he is nothing alone and death means nothing. The fourth day Robert succeeds in blowing the bridge up but he is badly hurt and cannot go on with the group. He knows he is going to die. In the end he realised what a beautiful place the world really is and how much it is worth fighting for.
4) The old man and the sea
The setting of this novel is Cuba, the city of Havana and later on the sea in the Gulf of Mexico. The action covers a very short period of time.
The idea was abidingness of human life and its timeless calling: man can be destroyed but not defeated. The author pointed out the human dependence on nature and the mutual permanent struggle between the two. According to Hemingway it is not possible to gain mastery over nature.
All this is symbolized by the positions of the little bay and the old man, the gap between generations, the search and discovery for something new. Man carries victory hidden inside him.
The action concerns an old Cuban [kju:bn] fisherman who went out to sea to catch the fish. Manoli is the boy who used to go with him as his helper. For forty days they had no luck, they did not catch even a single fish. For this reason the boy’s parents forbade him to go to the sea with the old man anymore. Santiago had to catch fish on his own.
One day he recognized that it is exactly eighty-four days since he last caught a fish. He went fishing. Suddenly something bit. It was a big fish that dragged the old man along the sea with it for several days. But Santiago won.
On the way home, sharks swam by the ship several times and ate the fish. Only a skeleton of the big fish remained. The boy was sad at the bad luck of his friend so he decided to join him at sea again.
Prague
(important historical events, famous landmarks, a sightseeing tour of Prag, museums, galleries, theatres, public transport, industries)
1) History
• founded by Princess Libuse of the Premyslid dynasty, the glory of Prague “would touch the stars”
• the Slavs come to Prague valley in the 6th century
• 9th century – Prague castle, 10th century – Vysehrad
• imperial residence of Charles IV. (archbishopric, Charles University 1348, Charles Bridge, St. Vitus Cathedral)
• Hussite movement, Jan Zizka
• seat of Rudolph II. (scientists, e. g. Tycho de Brahe, Johannes Kepler)
• 1918 capital of the Czechoslovak republic
• after World War II. liberated by the Russians
• occupation in 1968 started normalization
• now home of President, the Czech Parliament, the Czech government and all important state ministries
• kinds of transport: underground, airport, trams, buses, cars, trains, boats
2) Sights
• the Prague Castle – largest residential complex in Czech Republic, founded in 9th century; seat of Bohemian Kings, since 1918 seat of President; Vladislav Hall, Spanish Hall; the Royal Palace, the Gothic St. Vitus’ Cathedral, the Castle Gallery, St. George’s Monastery, Golden Lane
• the Old Town Square – astronomical clock of 15th century; every hour the procession of the 12 apostles in the upper part and the copy of 12 medallions with the signs of the zodiacal constellation in the lower part can be seen
• Vysehrad – oldest seat place the Premyslide princess; rotunda of St. Martin, cemetery with the tombs [tu:ms] of famous people
• the Charles Bridge – one of the oldest standing stone bridges in Europe; founded by Charles IV. in 1357; on both sides there are 30 statues of baroque art
• the Carolinum – the oldest building of Charles University
• Wenceslas Square – shopping centre of Prague; statue of St. Wenceslas by Josef Vaclav Myslbek, symbol of freedom
• the National Museum – Neo-Renaissance building of 19th century, situated at the top of Wenceslas Square
• the National Gallery – spread out in different Prague spots
• the National Theatre – Neo-Renaissance building, 1881 burnt down, 1883 rebuilt, decorations by Mikolas Ales, Vaclav Hynais
3) Out sightseeing tour to Prag
• St. Vitus’ Cathedral, Prague Castle
• Vysehrad – Myslbek’s statues, Slavin cemetery
• Old Town of Prague
• Bethlehem Chapel, Trade Fair Palace
• Kinsky Palace
1) History
• founded by Princess Libuse of the Premyslid dynasty, the glory of Prague “would touch the stars”
• the Slavs come to Prague valley in the 6th century
• 9th century – Prague castle, 10th century – Vysehrad
• imperial residence of Charles IV. (archbishopric, Charles University 1348, Charles Bridge, St. Vitus Cathedral)
• Hussite movement, Jan Zizka
• seat of Rudolph II. (scientists, e. g. Tycho de Brahe, Johannes Kepler)
• 1918 capital of the Czechoslovak republic
• after World War II. liberated by the Russians
• occupation in 1968 started normalization
• now home of President, the Czech Parliament, the Czech government and all important state ministries
• kinds of transport: underground, airport, trams, buses, cars, trains, boats
2) Sights
• the Prague Castle – largest residential complex in Czech Republic, founded in 9th century; seat of Bohemian Kings, since 1918 seat of President; Vladislav Hall, Spanish Hall; the Royal Palace, the Gothic St. Vitus’ Cathedral, the Castle Gallery, St. George’s Monastery, Golden Lane
• the Old Town Square – astronomical clock of 15th century; every hour the procession of the 12 apostles in the upper part and the copy of 12 medallions with the signs of the zodiacal constellation in the lower part can be seen
• Vysehrad – oldest seat place the Premyslide princess; rotunda of St. Martin, cemetery with the tombs [tu:ms] of famous people
• the Charles Bridge – one of the oldest standing stone bridges in Europe; founded by Charles IV. in 1357; on both sides there are 30 statues of baroque art
• the Carolinum – the oldest building of Charles University
• Wenceslas Square – shopping centre of Prague; statue of St. Wenceslas by Josef Vaclav Myslbek, symbol of freedom
• the National Museum – Neo-Renaissance building of 19th century, situated at the top of Wenceslas Square
• the National Gallery – spread out in different Prague spots
• the National Theatre – Neo-Renaissance building, 1881 burnt down, 1883 rebuilt, decorations by Mikolas Ales, Vaclav Hynais
3) Out sightseeing tour to Prag
• St. Vitus’ Cathedral, Prague Castle
• Vysehrad – Myslbek’s statues, Slavin cemetery
• Old Town of Prague
• Bethlehem Chapel, Trade Fair Palace
• Kinsky Palace
The Picture of Dorian Gray
author: Oscar Wilde
characters:
Basil Hallward – painter, he painted picture of Dorian Gray, he loves him
lord Henry Wotton – nobleman, friend of Basil, then of Dorian too, he influenced Dorian, he has „interesting“ philosophical ideas
Sibyla Vane – poor , young and beautiful actrees, girl-friend of Dorian Gray, he wanted to marry her, he left her, she committed suicide
James Vane – Sibyla’s brother, who is to become a sailor and sail for Australia, he promised, that he kill Dorian, when he hurt Sibyla.
Alan Cambell – chemist, hepled Dorian with dead body, they are ex-friends, he committed suicide
Dorian Gray – at the beginning he was incorrupt, lovely and naive and then he changed…
plot:
Basill Hallward is painting Dorian Gray and see how perfect, handsome and young is Dorian. His friend – lord Henry Wotton – wants to meet this „perfekt“ boy. While Basil was painting Dorian, lord Henry was talking about youth. Basil finished his work and Dorian looked at his portrait and told: „I want to be forever young and picture will grow old.“ After time Dorian forgot what he told. He took the picture at home.
He fell in love with Sibyla Vane and they betrothed. She is very good actrees, she calls Dorian: Prince Charming. Dorian took his friends (Basil and lord Henry) to performance of Sibyla, she was horrible and Dorian was disappointed. He told her: „I loved you because you was good actrees.“ and he left her. Next morning he understood that he was bad and he loves her. But lord Henry came and told him that Sibyla is dead. She committed suicide.
Dorian (vyčítat si to) but lord Henry calmed down him. Dorian looked the picture and saw: Dorian in the picture had cruel smile. After that he hasn’t qualms and the picture changed like his soul. He remembered his wish. Now the picture is mirror of his soul. Dorian started to change and the picture too…, but Dorian has the same and young look and Dorian in the picture starts to be cruel, ugly and old.
Basil came to Dorian and told him that he will go to Paris for 6 months and people of London say horrible things about him. And every gentleman must have good reputation. When Basil started to talk about soul, Dorian started to be nervous. He took Basil to unused room, where is the picture. When Basil saw it, he horrified: „You must be worse than people are saying about you!“ Dorian started to hate him and he killed him.
He summoned (called) Alan Cambell, Dorian chantaged him and compeled to (donutil k) help with dead body. (Dorian in the portrait has blood on right hand.)
One day when Dorian was out, he met Sibyl’s brother, he wanted to kill Dorian, but he got heed to Dorian should have 38 years and thid boy is very young. He let him, but he was after Dorian.
Lord Henry told him that the police can’t to find Basil and Alan Cambell committed suicide. And when Sibyl’s brother shooted dead, Dorian composed.
He wanted to be better and he believed it. He wanted to see picture – better picture. But the picture is worse than before… He doesn’t understand it. He started to be furious. He stabs the picture.
On the floor, servants found the ugly, old man with a knife in his heart, and the portrait of Dorian, as handsome as he was eighteen years ago. It is only through his rings that the corpse can be identified.
my opinion:
I like this book because I never read something like this and I love magics. I read Lord of rings and Harry Potter
Though I’ve knowed the end of story it was very interesting for me. I read it in one breath…
I thing that everybody should have picture like this and every day they can see how people are or aren’t good. But Dorian don’t belive to picture and it was mistake.
characters:
Basil Hallward – painter, he painted picture of Dorian Gray, he loves him
lord Henry Wotton – nobleman, friend of Basil, then of Dorian too, he influenced Dorian, he has „interesting“ philosophical ideas
Sibyla Vane – poor , young and beautiful actrees, girl-friend of Dorian Gray, he wanted to marry her, he left her, she committed suicide
James Vane – Sibyla’s brother, who is to become a sailor and sail for Australia, he promised, that he kill Dorian, when he hurt Sibyla.
Alan Cambell – chemist, hepled Dorian with dead body, they are ex-friends, he committed suicide
Dorian Gray – at the beginning he was incorrupt, lovely and naive and then he changed…
plot:
Basill Hallward is painting Dorian Gray and see how perfect, handsome and young is Dorian. His friend – lord Henry Wotton – wants to meet this „perfekt“ boy. While Basil was painting Dorian, lord Henry was talking about youth. Basil finished his work and Dorian looked at his portrait and told: „I want to be forever young and picture will grow old.“ After time Dorian forgot what he told. He took the picture at home.
He fell in love with Sibyla Vane and they betrothed. She is very good actrees, she calls Dorian: Prince Charming. Dorian took his friends (Basil and lord Henry) to performance of Sibyla, she was horrible and Dorian was disappointed. He told her: „I loved you because you was good actrees.“ and he left her. Next morning he understood that he was bad and he loves her. But lord Henry came and told him that Sibyla is dead. She committed suicide.
Dorian (vyčítat si to) but lord Henry calmed down him. Dorian looked the picture and saw: Dorian in the picture had cruel smile. After that he hasn’t qualms and the picture changed like his soul. He remembered his wish. Now the picture is mirror of his soul. Dorian started to change and the picture too…, but Dorian has the same and young look and Dorian in the picture starts to be cruel, ugly and old.
Basil came to Dorian and told him that he will go to Paris for 6 months and people of London say horrible things about him. And every gentleman must have good reputation. When Basil started to talk about soul, Dorian started to be nervous. He took Basil to unused room, where is the picture. When Basil saw it, he horrified: „You must be worse than people are saying about you!“ Dorian started to hate him and he killed him.
He summoned (called) Alan Cambell, Dorian chantaged him and compeled to (donutil k) help with dead body. (Dorian in the portrait has blood on right hand.)
One day when Dorian was out, he met Sibyl’s brother, he wanted to kill Dorian, but he got heed to Dorian should have 38 years and thid boy is very young. He let him, but he was after Dorian.
Lord Henry told him that the police can’t to find Basil and Alan Cambell committed suicide. And when Sibyl’s brother shooted dead, Dorian composed.
He wanted to be better and he believed it. He wanted to see picture – better picture. But the picture is worse than before… He doesn’t understand it. He started to be furious. He stabs the picture.
On the floor, servants found the ugly, old man with a knife in his heart, and the portrait of Dorian, as handsome as he was eighteen years ago. It is only through his rings that the corpse can be identified.
my opinion:
I like this book because I never read something like this and I love magics. I read Lord of rings and Harry Potter
Though I’ve knowed the end of story it was very interesting for me. I read it in one breath…
I thing that everybody should have picture like this and every day they can see how people are or aren’t good. But Dorian don’t belive to picture and it was mistake.
Human Body
1) The human body
• skeleton = kostra consisting of about 206 bones
- bones connected by joints = klouby
- backbone (33 – 34 vertebrae)
- brainpan = lebka, chest = hrudní koš
- upper limbs = horní končetiny: arm: shoulder, upper arm, elbow = loket, forearm = předloktí, wrist = zápěstí, hand with fingers
- fingers: thumb, forefinger, middle-finger, ring-finger, little-finger
- lower limbs = spodní končetiny: leg: thigh = stehno, knee, calf = lýtko, ankle = kotník, foot with toes
• muscles – 640 muscles in body
• skin covers bones, muscles and organs
• the head
- brain is in brainpan – centre of thinking
- forehead = čelo, cheeks = tváře
- eyes: organs of sight: can be dark, brown, blue, green; people can need spectacles for near (or distant) vision or to be blind
- nose: organ of smell: for (nasal) breathing = nosní dých.
- ears: organs of hearing; people can be deaf = hluchý
- mouth: tongue – organ of taste and talking, in are 32 teeth (children – deciduous = opadávající teeth), is cover by lips for drinking, suck, talk and smile too (you need 36 muscles for one smile)
- hair: cover of the scalp: can be dark, black, brown, blonde, white in old age; skinhead
- chin = brada: men: beard, moustache
• the trunk = trup
- inside are organs:
- lungs = plíce: changing oxygen to carbon dioxide
- heart: pumps fresh blood into the body
- liver = játra: cleans blood
- kidneys = ledviny: removes waste liquids = znečištěnou kapalinu from blood
- stomach: processing of food
2) Diseases
• typical in history:
- plague = mor: symptoms: fever = horečka, shakes, sore joints = bolesní kloubů, bumps = boule like egg, treatment = léčba: in history: alcohol, today: vaccine
• typical child diseases:
- pox = neštovice: symptoms: fever, rash = vyrážka, treatment: liquid powder and tablets
• general diseases
- flu = chřipka: symptoms: fever, cold, cough = kašel, treatment: gargle = kloktadlo, drops and tablets
- tonsillitis = angina: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
- cold (very typical): treatment: drops
• untypical diseases
- sunstroke = úpal: symptoms: fever, vomit = zvracení, treatment: tablets and sleeping
- pneumonia = zápal plic: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
• fatal diseases
- cancer = rakovina: symptoms: bumps, treatment: operation or chemotherapy
- heart stroke = infarct: symptoms: sore in left arm, in heart, bad breathing, treatment: operation
3) Treatment
- drinking hot tea
- eating lots of fruit with vitamin C
- sleeping, relaxing
- tablets, drops
- in fatal diseases: go to the doctor
4) Accident
• if somebody:
- break an arm or leg: go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
- has injured head: try to don’t move with him, call the doctor
- bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart
• if you
- break an arm or leg: call help, go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
- has injured head: call help, do nothing alone, you must go to doctor, maybe you will have comatose
- bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart, don’t strain a lot of, go very quickly to doctor
• skeleton = kostra consisting of about 206 bones
- bones connected by joints = klouby
- backbone (33 – 34 vertebrae)
- brainpan = lebka, chest = hrudní koš
- upper limbs = horní končetiny: arm: shoulder, upper arm, elbow = loket, forearm = předloktí, wrist = zápěstí, hand with fingers
- fingers: thumb, forefinger, middle-finger, ring-finger, little-finger
- lower limbs = spodní končetiny: leg: thigh = stehno, knee, calf = lýtko, ankle = kotník, foot with toes
• muscles – 640 muscles in body
• skin covers bones, muscles and organs
• the head
- brain is in brainpan – centre of thinking
- forehead = čelo, cheeks = tváře
- eyes: organs of sight: can be dark, brown, blue, green; people can need spectacles for near (or distant) vision or to be blind
- nose: organ of smell: for (nasal) breathing = nosní dých.
- ears: organs of hearing; people can be deaf = hluchý
- mouth: tongue – organ of taste and talking, in are 32 teeth (children – deciduous = opadávající teeth), is cover by lips for drinking, suck, talk and smile too (you need 36 muscles for one smile)
- hair: cover of the scalp: can be dark, black, brown, blonde, white in old age; skinhead
- chin = brada: men: beard, moustache
• the trunk = trup
- inside are organs:
- lungs = plíce: changing oxygen to carbon dioxide
- heart: pumps fresh blood into the body
- liver = játra: cleans blood
- kidneys = ledviny: removes waste liquids = znečištěnou kapalinu from blood
- stomach: processing of food
2) Diseases
• typical in history:
- plague = mor: symptoms: fever = horečka, shakes, sore joints = bolesní kloubů, bumps = boule like egg, treatment = léčba: in history: alcohol, today: vaccine
• typical child diseases:
- pox = neštovice: symptoms: fever, rash = vyrážka, treatment: liquid powder and tablets
• general diseases
- flu = chřipka: symptoms: fever, cold, cough = kašel, treatment: gargle = kloktadlo, drops and tablets
- tonsillitis = angina: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
- cold (very typical): treatment: drops
• untypical diseases
- sunstroke = úpal: symptoms: fever, vomit = zvracení, treatment: tablets and sleeping
- pneumonia = zápal plic: symptoms: sore throat = bolení v krku, treatment: gargle and tablets
• fatal diseases
- cancer = rakovina: symptoms: bumps, treatment: operation or chemotherapy
- heart stroke = infarct: symptoms: sore in left arm, in heart, bad breathing, treatment: operation
3) Treatment
- drinking hot tea
- eating lots of fruit with vitamin C
- sleeping, relaxing
- tablets, drops
- in fatal diseases: go to the doctor
4) Accident
• if somebody:
- break an arm or leg: go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
- has injured head: try to don’t move with him, call the doctor
- bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart
• if you
- break an arm or leg: call help, go to the hospital or doctor with him, go for an X-ray = rentgen, he gets the bones in plaster
- has injured head: call help, do nothing alone, you must go to doctor, maybe you will have comatose
- bleed: try to stop it too, bind it the closest to the = nejblíže k heart, don’t strain a lot of, go very quickly to doctor
Ernest Miller Hemingway
Edgar Allan Poe
• he was born in 1809, poem-writer, story-teller, critic
• he lost both of parents and his childhood wasn’t nice
• he tried to committed suicide
• master of horror in literature and he was first who used detective in literature
writing:
The Raven and Other Poems – never more
The Murders In The Rue Morgue
Mark Twain
• he was born in 1835, story-writer
• MT is only nick – it means depth water on Mississippi
• he lost father and his brother bought printing-works
writing:
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
John Steinbeck
• he was born in 1902, story-writer
• he studied university (biology, English literature)
• in 1962 he hot a Nobel price
writing:
The Grapes of Wrath
Of Mice and Men
Ernest Miller Hemingway
• he was born 21st July in 1899, in Illinois
• his father is doctor and he had 6 brothers and sisters
• American novel-writer, story-teller, journalist
• main representatives of Lost generation
- Lost generation – group of American authors in 20th century, they tried what is it war and they ceased (= přestat) believe in American dream, typical is regret and scepticism (= zklamání a skepse)
life:
• he left home and became journalist after his school living exam and in 1918 he left to Italian, because of go to war like volunteer of Red cross, he was wounded (= raněn) – first wounded American – famous
• after war he backed to the USA, he got married in 1920 (wife Halley), he had son
• like foreign journalist he went with family to Paris where he met Gertrude Stain
- she said: “My country is America, my home is Paris.” and she taught: “America is new world and Europe is old world, if you want be good writer you must know old world and how the people in old world wrote.”
- Lost generation sucked from (= čerpat z) Shakespeare
• he got married second wife in 1927 (wife Pauline), he had 2 sons again
• he became writer, after that he travelled to Africa and to Spain
• during the 2nd world war he lived in Cuba with his third wife (Marta) and in 1944 he was in London like journalist, where he met his forth wife (Mary)
• after that he backed to USA
• in 1953 he got Pulitzer price
• in 1954 he got Nobel price for literature, for The Old man and the sea
• at the end of life, he had psychic depression and in 1961 he committed suicide
style:
• representation of psychic of person, method glacier – 1/8 (one eighth) is above water level, it is mean 1/8 of psychic of person we can see and know but the other is under his water level
• he wrote about men, who had dangerous life (fisherman, soldiers)
• it is celebration of their courage
• subject: his writing is inspired of personal experience, war
writing:
• The Old man and the sea
• For Whom the Bell Tolls
• A Farewell to Arms
Hlavním hrdinou této knihy je stařičký Santiago. Byl to vynikající rybář. V poslední době ho však opouštějí nejen síly, ale i štěstí. Už osmdesát dní neulovil žádnou větší rybu. Taky proto ho musel na příkaz rodičů opustit jeho mladý pomocník a přítel. Ten s ním nejen jezdil na ryby, ale nosil mu i jídlo a staral se o toho dobrosrdečného vyzáblého staříka, jehož ruce byly zjizvené hlubokými zářezy od toho, jak se lopotil s těžkými rybami na šňůrách. Žádná z těch jizev ale nebyla čerstvá. Všechno na něm bylo staré, až na jeho oči. Ty měly stejnou barvu jako moře a hleděly vesele a nezkroušeně. Když měl oči zavřené, byla jeho tvář jako bez života. Jednoho dne brzy zrána se stařec vypraví na břeh daleko od břehu a doufá, že konečně prolomí svou smůlu. A skutečně. Na udici mu zabere kousek, který sice nevidí, ale tuší, že půjde o jeho největší úlovek. Ryba ho však překvapí a táhne ho i s loďkou na širé moře. Santiago je po několika hodinách velice vyčerpán, ruce má rozedřené, hrdlo vyschlé. Ryba má ale výdrž a vytrvale pluje dál. Mezitím se zešeří a přichází večer. Loďka stále šplouchá černou vodou. Santiago probdí velice nezvyklou a fyzicky náročnou noc. Ryba se ale ani ráno nevzdá. Starci pomalu docházejí síly a chvilkami nemá daleko k mdlobám, přesto se mu nakonec podaří rybu, po dlouhém a namáhavém boji, hlavně díky svým dlouholetým zkušenostem a vytrvalosti zabít. Je mu jí velice líto, protože byla mimořádně klidná, sebevědomá a nebojácná a on ji za to obdivoval. Přiváže ji k loďce a vydává se k domovu. Po cestě mu ji však přes všecko jeho úsilí sežerou žraloci. Stařec nadobro vyčerpán se tedy vátí do své prosté chatrče z bambusu a usne. Ránu u moře postává skupinka lidí a nevěřícně a obdivně hledí na obrovitou kostru, přivázanou ke starcově loďce.Stařec a moře je symbolická novela. Zachycuje hluboce lidský příběh prostého starce, který vedl statečný ač beznadějný boj s mořem a žraloky o svůj úlovek a stala se obrazem nikdy nekončícího zápasu člověka s přírodou. Jejím smyslem je poukázat na obrovskou lidskou statečnost nezdolnou duševní sílu. Novela, která je zároveň autorovým životním krédem, plným právem přispěla k k tomu, že se Ernest Hemingway stal největší postavou americké literatury první poloviny 20. století. Knihy je napsána pro Hemingwaye charakteristickým novátorským stylem, který se vyznačuje hlavně skrytou dramatičností zdánlivě střízlivých popisů a strohostí výpovědí. Jeho hrdinové prokazují mimořádně lidské kvality. Je napsána poutavým úsporným stylem, který doprovází určitá dynamika. Autor použil chronologický kompoziční postup. Ze stylistických postupů je ve velké míře zastoupen hlavně úvahový a popisný. Jazyk je spisovný, objevuje se zde spousta cizích slov – převážně z rybářského prostředí.
• he was born in 1809, poem-writer, story-teller, critic
• he lost both of parents and his childhood wasn’t nice
• he tried to committed suicide
• master of horror in literature and he was first who used detective in literature
writing:
The Raven and Other Poems – never more
The Murders In The Rue Morgue
Mark Twain
• he was born in 1835, story-writer
• MT is only nick – it means depth water on Mississippi
• he lost father and his brother bought printing-works
writing:
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
John Steinbeck
• he was born in 1902, story-writer
• he studied university (biology, English literature)
• in 1962 he hot a Nobel price
writing:
The Grapes of Wrath
Of Mice and Men
Ernest Miller Hemingway
• he was born 21st July in 1899, in Illinois
• his father is doctor and he had 6 brothers and sisters
• American novel-writer, story-teller, journalist
• main representatives of Lost generation
- Lost generation – group of American authors in 20th century, they tried what is it war and they ceased (= přestat) believe in American dream, typical is regret and scepticism (= zklamání a skepse)
life:
• he left home and became journalist after his school living exam and in 1918 he left to Italian, because of go to war like volunteer of Red cross, he was wounded (= raněn) – first wounded American – famous
• after war he backed to the USA, he got married in 1920 (wife Halley), he had son
• like foreign journalist he went with family to Paris where he met Gertrude Stain
- she said: “My country is America, my home is Paris.” and she taught: “America is new world and Europe is old world, if you want be good writer you must know old world and how the people in old world wrote.”
- Lost generation sucked from (= čerpat z) Shakespeare
• he got married second wife in 1927 (wife Pauline), he had 2 sons again
• he became writer, after that he travelled to Africa and to Spain
• during the 2nd world war he lived in Cuba with his third wife (Marta) and in 1944 he was in London like journalist, where he met his forth wife (Mary)
• after that he backed to USA
• in 1953 he got Pulitzer price
• in 1954 he got Nobel price for literature, for The Old man and the sea
• at the end of life, he had psychic depression and in 1961 he committed suicide
style:
• representation of psychic of person, method glacier – 1/8 (one eighth) is above water level, it is mean 1/8 of psychic of person we can see and know but the other is under his water level
• he wrote about men, who had dangerous life (fisherman, soldiers)
• it is celebration of their courage
• subject: his writing is inspired of personal experience, war
writing:
• The Old man and the sea
• For Whom the Bell Tolls
• A Farewell to Arms
Hlavním hrdinou této knihy je stařičký Santiago. Byl to vynikající rybář. V poslední době ho však opouštějí nejen síly, ale i štěstí. Už osmdesát dní neulovil žádnou větší rybu. Taky proto ho musel na příkaz rodičů opustit jeho mladý pomocník a přítel. Ten s ním nejen jezdil na ryby, ale nosil mu i jídlo a staral se o toho dobrosrdečného vyzáblého staříka, jehož ruce byly zjizvené hlubokými zářezy od toho, jak se lopotil s těžkými rybami na šňůrách. Žádná z těch jizev ale nebyla čerstvá. Všechno na něm bylo staré, až na jeho oči. Ty měly stejnou barvu jako moře a hleděly vesele a nezkroušeně. Když měl oči zavřené, byla jeho tvář jako bez života. Jednoho dne brzy zrána se stařec vypraví na břeh daleko od břehu a doufá, že konečně prolomí svou smůlu. A skutečně. Na udici mu zabere kousek, který sice nevidí, ale tuší, že půjde o jeho největší úlovek. Ryba ho však překvapí a táhne ho i s loďkou na širé moře. Santiago je po několika hodinách velice vyčerpán, ruce má rozedřené, hrdlo vyschlé. Ryba má ale výdrž a vytrvale pluje dál. Mezitím se zešeří a přichází večer. Loďka stále šplouchá černou vodou. Santiago probdí velice nezvyklou a fyzicky náročnou noc. Ryba se ale ani ráno nevzdá. Starci pomalu docházejí síly a chvilkami nemá daleko k mdlobám, přesto se mu nakonec podaří rybu, po dlouhém a namáhavém boji, hlavně díky svým dlouholetým zkušenostem a vytrvalosti zabít. Je mu jí velice líto, protože byla mimořádně klidná, sebevědomá a nebojácná a on ji za to obdivoval. Přiváže ji k loďce a vydává se k domovu. Po cestě mu ji však přes všecko jeho úsilí sežerou žraloci. Stařec nadobro vyčerpán se tedy vátí do své prosté chatrče z bambusu a usne. Ránu u moře postává skupinka lidí a nevěřícně a obdivně hledí na obrovitou kostru, přivázanou ke starcově loďce.Stařec a moře je symbolická novela. Zachycuje hluboce lidský příběh prostého starce, který vedl statečný ač beznadějný boj s mořem a žraloky o svůj úlovek a stala se obrazem nikdy nekončícího zápasu člověka s přírodou. Jejím smyslem je poukázat na obrovskou lidskou statečnost nezdolnou duševní sílu. Novela, která je zároveň autorovým životním krédem, plným právem přispěla k k tomu, že se Ernest Hemingway stal největší postavou americké literatury první poloviny 20. století. Knihy je napsána pro Hemingwaye charakteristickým novátorským stylem, který se vyznačuje hlavně skrytou dramatičností zdánlivě střízlivých popisů a strohostí výpovědí. Jeho hrdinové prokazují mimořádně lidské kvality. Je napsána poutavým úsporným stylem, který doprovází určitá dynamika. Autor použil chronologický kompoziční postup. Ze stylistických postupů je ve velké míře zastoupen hlavně úvahový a popisný. Jazyk je spisovný, objevuje se zde spousta cizích slov – převážně z rybářského prostředí.
Housing
• I live in flat with my mother, step father and brother.
• our block of flat is small, it has only 4 floors
• our surrounding is wonderful, we live in calm part of our town, my basic school was 200m of my home
• our flat is modern, very nice and my mother is expert by decoration of our flat, I like my home very much
in our flat, there is hall, it made from wood and the wood smells very nice, when you open a door
on the left side, there are bathroom and toilet together, there are tiles on the floor and on the wall too, we haven’t a bathtub, we have only shower bath
bathroom is in green colour, because of tiles and mother’s decoration and shower bath, washbasin (= pračka) sideboards and toilet are white
when you leave our hall, you are in dining room, which is joined with living room and kitchen
joined it is mean we haven’t a door or wall there, but in reality it is separated by colour or using
dinig room is decorade by wood on the wall and all things are make from wood there, there is a table with 4 chairs, comode and big open sideboard
living room is make from wood too, but it has black colour, there is a unit furniture, TV set (it mean TV, video, DVD recorder and so one), there is a glass coffe table (it is smoked glass - dark) and a three-piece suite in green colour with black narrow strips kitchen is in white colour, it is a little bit impractical, there is fridge, washer (= myška), cooker, electric oven and there is a sink unit, which is light brown colour bedroom of my parents, it is smaller room in our flar, there is TV set, bed and shelves the last is bedroom of me and my brother, it is very large room, there are 4 tall wardrobes and 2 of them are 2 big mirrors, there are 3 tables: the table, where is computer, my brother’s table and my, where is a lot of papers to school, books, which I am reading, calendar with dogs, photos of my family, me and Ondra, jewel box (=šperkovnice) and box for pencils, crayon and felt tips (= fixy) and I have blue revolving chair, above table of my brother is TV set and we sleep on bunk bed, there is waste-paper basket,
• I like my home and I would like to change only one thing: I have never had my own room. I would like to have room only for me (posters of stars, my own computer, own bed) and I can go to sleep when I want and listen music when I want and so on
• my favourite: bedroom of me and my brother – learn here, read, prepare to school, dance, listen a music, watch TV, eat here
• paremts: my mum is from town (Kopřivnice) and my father from villige (Ženklava), they lived together in Kopřivnice, but my parents are divorced now
I live with my mum in Kopřivnice
my father has family (wife and children) in Bartošovice, they live in detached house with garden and swiming pool, now I seldom visit him, I stopped to visit him when I was 10
his house is very nice and large, there are 2 floors, in 1st floor is kitchen and dining room and in 2nd floor is bedroom of my brother and stepbrothers and bedroom of my father and my stepmother and large living room
I don’t like my bed there, the roof under my bed is skewed (= strop je zkosený) and I hurt every morning
• I never want to live with my parents in one house when I will be married, parents want to safe and help their children all life – me and my future husband will have a problem – we will solve this problem, but parents will want to help and you can say to neighbour: “Don’t discard me, please” (= nestarej se o mě, prosím)
• all my neighbours in our block of flat is pensioners
all the time at home, scullionly swear (= sprostě nadávají) at politicians and goverment, smoke a lot of, gossip about everything (= drbou o) and they want, you must be calm at 8 pm
on the other side – our house is clean, garden in front of our block if flat is wonderfull, care about side-walk (= chodník), bushes, grass and when snow, our stairs and side-walk is buldoze at 7 am
• I would like to live in this country, my aunt (sister of my father) live in Switzerland 10 years, she is happy but my grandparents are very sad, they can’t to see their grandchildren (Joel and Cyril – speak Germany, understand Germany and Czech)
• I would like to live in village but now I live in town
town:
advantage – buses goes often, a lot of shops, people don’t know you
disadvantage – smog, a lot of cars, buses, dangerous
village
advantage – nature, good relations, calm, you can sunbathe on garden (naked too)
disadvantage – gossips, one shop for all village, everywhere must go by car or bus
• I would like to live in house in Ženklava, it is detached house, there are 8 rooms and 2 floors:
in 1st floor:
hall where are a lot of flowers, table and chairs make from wood, on table is telephone (horrible – sit and talk and talk), there is tiled floor (bacause of grandfather)
room for guests there is parguet floor and a unit furniture, TV set, a folding three-piece suite and table, there are a lot of flowers too (my grandparents – large garden, love flowers, my grandgrandfather was gardener)
furnace room there is gas furnace (= plynový kotel) and spiders (I hate this place)
stairs without banister
in 2nd floor:
bathroom – white color, there are bathtub, washbasin, toilet, sideboards, on the floor and wall are tiles
living room – computer, a three-piece suite in black colour, a coffe table, TV set, I love glass wall poster where are photos of me, my brothers, stepbrother and my cousins, in time when we were babies until todays
dining room and kitchen are together, there is fridge, electric oven and cooker and grandmother said: “I am washer.”, table and chairs of course bedroom for my grandparents, there are bed, a bedside tables: grandmother – books by Roberts and Sandra Brown (about love) and grandfather – books and magazines about garden, science and history
there is large balcony, where we have a breakfast and lunch in summer and in night you can watch stars on sky attic there is everything, grandparents dry a flower for tea and clothes there, there are spider too, I hate it too around of house is garden, large garden, there are trees: fruit, decorative and lime tree (=lípa) 300 year-old – we can’t to cut it, I want a swiming pool there – grandfather wants small lake with fishes and ducks on garden is a garage, where is car, lawn mower, bikes and utility room for my grandfather, under garage is cellar, there is apples, potatoes, wine and spiders too
• I would like to live here, it is very modern house, I would like to change only, room for guests and make bedroom for children:
large room, when children will be small they will be together in this room, carpet will be blue with cars (boys) or barbies (girls) and on wall will be paint small mole (= malý krtek – krteček) with mouse in grass, there will be a lot of toys, bunk bed and a wall unit from wood, the room will be shiny and light
when they will be older (about 12) we will build a wall in the midle of the room and both of them will have own room, there will be table, chair, computer, bed and everything what they need
• problem homelles:
people, who lost work or family or house because of fire and so one
sometime they try have a work, find a flat
sometime they are only drinkers and they don’t want to work and have a home
• today is very modern to have a detached house or a week, when you live in big city
it is better economic situation and people build new houses, behind my block of flat are a lot of new houses (wonderfull but sometime horrible colour)
in England is typicipal to live in detached house, is expensive to buy a house, but it is cheaper to live in detached house than live in flat all life
in London: house boat (people live on boat on Temže)
in the USA, there are places where is savanna and desert where people live alone and places where is big cities and where live a lot of people
people in America live in 2 extremes:
in large detached house with garden on wonderful street in the suburb (= na předměstí) – everybody know everybody
in big block of flats or skyscrapers in city
• our block of flat is small, it has only 4 floors
• our surrounding is wonderful, we live in calm part of our town, my basic school was 200m of my home
• our flat is modern, very nice and my mother is expert by decoration of our flat, I like my home very much
in our flat, there is hall, it made from wood and the wood smells very nice, when you open a door
on the left side, there are bathroom and toilet together, there are tiles on the floor and on the wall too, we haven’t a bathtub, we have only shower bath
bathroom is in green colour, because of tiles and mother’s decoration and shower bath, washbasin (= pračka) sideboards and toilet are white
when you leave our hall, you are in dining room, which is joined with living room and kitchen
joined it is mean we haven’t a door or wall there, but in reality it is separated by colour or using
dinig room is decorade by wood on the wall and all things are make from wood there, there is a table with 4 chairs, comode and big open sideboard
living room is make from wood too, but it has black colour, there is a unit furniture, TV set (it mean TV, video, DVD recorder and so one), there is a glass coffe table (it is smoked glass - dark) and a three-piece suite in green colour with black narrow strips kitchen is in white colour, it is a little bit impractical, there is fridge, washer (= myška), cooker, electric oven and there is a sink unit, which is light brown colour bedroom of my parents, it is smaller room in our flar, there is TV set, bed and shelves the last is bedroom of me and my brother, it is very large room, there are 4 tall wardrobes and 2 of them are 2 big mirrors, there are 3 tables: the table, where is computer, my brother’s table and my, where is a lot of papers to school, books, which I am reading, calendar with dogs, photos of my family, me and Ondra, jewel box (=šperkovnice) and box for pencils, crayon and felt tips (= fixy) and I have blue revolving chair, above table of my brother is TV set and we sleep on bunk bed, there is waste-paper basket,
• I like my home and I would like to change only one thing: I have never had my own room. I would like to have room only for me (posters of stars, my own computer, own bed) and I can go to sleep when I want and listen music when I want and so on
• my favourite: bedroom of me and my brother – learn here, read, prepare to school, dance, listen a music, watch TV, eat here
• paremts: my mum is from town (Kopřivnice) and my father from villige (Ženklava), they lived together in Kopřivnice, but my parents are divorced now
I live with my mum in Kopřivnice
my father has family (wife and children) in Bartošovice, they live in detached house with garden and swiming pool, now I seldom visit him, I stopped to visit him when I was 10
his house is very nice and large, there are 2 floors, in 1st floor is kitchen and dining room and in 2nd floor is bedroom of my brother and stepbrothers and bedroom of my father and my stepmother and large living room
I don’t like my bed there, the roof under my bed is skewed (= strop je zkosený) and I hurt every morning
• I never want to live with my parents in one house when I will be married, parents want to safe and help their children all life – me and my future husband will have a problem – we will solve this problem, but parents will want to help and you can say to neighbour: “Don’t discard me, please” (= nestarej se o mě, prosím)
• all my neighbours in our block of flat is pensioners
all the time at home, scullionly swear (= sprostě nadávají) at politicians and goverment, smoke a lot of, gossip about everything (= drbou o) and they want, you must be calm at 8 pm
on the other side – our house is clean, garden in front of our block if flat is wonderfull, care about side-walk (= chodník), bushes, grass and when snow, our stairs and side-walk is buldoze at 7 am
• I would like to live in this country, my aunt (sister of my father) live in Switzerland 10 years, she is happy but my grandparents are very sad, they can’t to see their grandchildren (Joel and Cyril – speak Germany, understand Germany and Czech)
• I would like to live in village but now I live in town
town:
advantage – buses goes often, a lot of shops, people don’t know you
disadvantage – smog, a lot of cars, buses, dangerous
village
advantage – nature, good relations, calm, you can sunbathe on garden (naked too)
disadvantage – gossips, one shop for all village, everywhere must go by car or bus
• I would like to live in house in Ženklava, it is detached house, there are 8 rooms and 2 floors:
in 1st floor:
hall where are a lot of flowers, table and chairs make from wood, on table is telephone (horrible – sit and talk and talk), there is tiled floor (bacause of grandfather)
room for guests there is parguet floor and a unit furniture, TV set, a folding three-piece suite and table, there are a lot of flowers too (my grandparents – large garden, love flowers, my grandgrandfather was gardener)
furnace room there is gas furnace (= plynový kotel) and spiders (I hate this place)
stairs without banister
in 2nd floor:
bathroom – white color, there are bathtub, washbasin, toilet, sideboards, on the floor and wall are tiles
living room – computer, a three-piece suite in black colour, a coffe table, TV set, I love glass wall poster where are photos of me, my brothers, stepbrother and my cousins, in time when we were babies until todays
dining room and kitchen are together, there is fridge, electric oven and cooker and grandmother said: “I am washer.”, table and chairs of course bedroom for my grandparents, there are bed, a bedside tables: grandmother – books by Roberts and Sandra Brown (about love) and grandfather – books and magazines about garden, science and history
there is large balcony, where we have a breakfast and lunch in summer and in night you can watch stars on sky attic there is everything, grandparents dry a flower for tea and clothes there, there are spider too, I hate it too around of house is garden, large garden, there are trees: fruit, decorative and lime tree (=lípa) 300 year-old – we can’t to cut it, I want a swiming pool there – grandfather wants small lake with fishes and ducks on garden is a garage, where is car, lawn mower, bikes and utility room for my grandfather, under garage is cellar, there is apples, potatoes, wine and spiders too
• I would like to live here, it is very modern house, I would like to change only, room for guests and make bedroom for children:
large room, when children will be small they will be together in this room, carpet will be blue with cars (boys) or barbies (girls) and on wall will be paint small mole (= malý krtek – krteček) with mouse in grass, there will be a lot of toys, bunk bed and a wall unit from wood, the room will be shiny and light
when they will be older (about 12) we will build a wall in the midle of the room and both of them will have own room, there will be table, chair, computer, bed and everything what they need
• problem homelles:
people, who lost work or family or house because of fire and so one
sometime they try have a work, find a flat
sometime they are only drinkers and they don’t want to work and have a home
• today is very modern to have a detached house or a week, when you live in big city
it is better economic situation and people build new houses, behind my block of flat are a lot of new houses (wonderfull but sometime horrible colour)
in England is typicipal to live in detached house, is expensive to buy a house, but it is cheaper to live in detached house than live in flat all life
in London: house boat (people live on boat on Temže)
in the USA, there are places where is savanna and desert where people live alone and places where is big cities and where live a lot of people
people in America live in 2 extremes:
in large detached house with garden on wonderful street in the suburb (= na předměstí) – everybody know everybody
in big block of flats or skyscrapers in city
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